Comparative milk fatty acid analysis of different dairy species

Abstract

This study compared the fatty acid (FA) profile of milk from different dairy mammals: buffalo, camel, cow, goat and yak. Data from milk samples and reports in the literature were processed using principal component analysis. The results showed that camel milk contained the lowest levels of C4:0–C12:0 and highest levels of unsaturated fatty acids. Goat milk had the highest level of C8:0–C14:0 FA. Characteristic differences were observed for yak and buffalo milk, which differed from cow milk by their higher levels of saturated fatty acids and lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids. It is therefore suggested that each animal species’ milk has its own specific milk FA profile.

Comparative Nutrient Profiling of Retail Goat and Cow Milk

“…Goat milk has been previously reported to contain less OA under control diets [45], contain less OA only after dietary oil supplementation [44] or having similar concentrations to cow milk [49,50]. The latter has also been observed in the present study, although only in December goat milk had lower concentrations of OA.…”

“…Although previous studies reported similar SFA concentrations between goat and cow milk [49,50], the present work found that goat milk contained more SFA. However, goat milk contained less C14:0 and C16:0 and more of the shorter chain SFA (with 6–12 atoms of carbon).…”

“…However, goat milk contained less C14:0 and C16:0 and more of the shorter chain SFA (with 6–12 atoms of carbon). These differences in individual SFA between goat and cow milk are consistent across many studies [44,45,49,50]. Recent work has highlighted differences in the mRNA abundance of 9 genes, including FASN (which encodes the FA synthase to catalyse FA synthesis), which demonstrate a higher de novo synthesis of fat in goats than in cows [51].…”

“…Given that the de novo FA synthesis in the mammary gland is responsible for the production of SFA with 4–14 atoms of carbon (and approximately 50% of C16:0) in milk [6,44], it is expected that animals with higher mammary lipogenesis would produce milk richer in these FA. Furthermore, cows are more efficient than goats in transferring C16:0 from the blood to the mammary gland (following absorption) and this explains the consistently higher C16:0 concentrations in cow milk across all studies [44,45,49,50]. In the present work, this difference has disappeared during the typical UK grazing season, this is probably because (i) grazing is known to reduce milk C16:0 concentrations [8,25,29,31,53], and (ii) grazing is a common feeding practice in the UK dairy cow systems, but not necessarily in the year-round housed intensive dairy goat systems [8,31,33].…”

Kinetic analysis of non‐isothermal oxidation of bioactive milk lipids

“…Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 ω3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 ω3), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, C18:2), and trans ‐vaccenic acid (TVA, C18:1 t11) are examples of bioactive milk lipids (BML). Yang, Zheng, Wang, and Yang (2018) analyzed the main fatty acids from dairy cows. The consumption and the health benefits of BML have been extensively reviewed elsewhere (Fusaro et al, 2019; McCrorie, Keaveney, Wallace, Binns, & Livingstone, 2011).…”