Comparative immune responses of pups following modified live virus vaccinations against canine parvovirus

Abstract

Background and Aim: Canine parvovirus (CPV) is the most important viral cause of enteritis and mortality in pups. Evaluation and monitoring of pre- and post-vaccine immune responses may help to determine the efficacy of the current vaccination schedule being followed in pups in India. This study aimed to evaluate and monitor the pre- and post-vaccine immune responses of CPV vaccinated pups using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The neutralizing antibody titer levels were also detected using serum neutralization test (SNT). Materials and Methods: The pups were categorized into two groups, the double booster and the single booster groups. In this study, serum samples were subjected to HI and SNT for measuring the CPV antibody titer at frequent intervals for up to 6 months from 27 healthy pups following primary and booster CPV vaccinations. Results: The antibody titers in double booster pups reached their peaks at the 21st day after the second booster vaccination with a geometric mean (GM) of 3.57. The antibody titers in single booster pups reached their peaks at the 21st day after the first booster vaccination with a lower GM of 3.18. Conclusion: The double booster pups maintained a higher immune response throughout the period of the study compared to single booster pups though the difference in titers was not statistically significant. SNT results indicated that the raised antibody titer was also able to yield virus-neutralizing antibodies. No interfering maternally derived antibodies were found in the pups at the age of primary vaccination (45th day) in our study. Therefore, the second booster vaccination may be useful in maintaining the protective titer for a prolonged period.

The first evaluation of the effectiveness of canine vaccination schedule by two commercial vaccines in Iran

“…Besides, there are several factors that affect on vaccine response including high MDA titer, vaccine storage conditions and failure to maintain a cold chain [ 24 ], the presence of parasitic diseases that can reduce nutrition then causing immunosuppression and stress [ 25 ]. Thus in this study, all puppies have treated with anthelminthic drugs twice before the beginning of the study, and the most important factor is MDA, which can interfere with modified live virus and cause vaccine failure [ 26 ]. Generally, MDA is known as the first defense against pathogens in puppies.…”

Whole genome sequence analysis of canine parvovirus reveals pan-Indian replacement with Novel CPV-2c strain

“…The original prototype CPV-2 is no longer present in canines but is available only in CPV vaccines [15]. Previous studies in India have identi ed the CPV-2a variant as the dominant strain with few reports of CPV-2b variant and CPV-2c [11,12,[16][17][18][19][20]. But few recent studies have reported increased occurrence of CPV-2c in various neighbouring countries like China, Taiwan, Myanmar and Thailand [21][22][23].…”

Cryo EM structures map a post vaccination polyclonal antibody response to canine parvovirus

“…Since the specific host ranges of canine and feline parvoviruses are primarily controlled by the ability of the capsid to bind the TfR, mutations in the receptor binding site alter the ability of the virus to infect different hosts 3 , 8 , 9 . Importantly, the site of TfR binding overlaps on the capsid surface with known antigenic epitopes, so that many mutations alter both antibody recognition and host range 10 – 16 .…”

“…Typically CPV is a potent antigen that gives rise to high levels of antibody after infection 17 – 19 . In addition, the live virus immunization is provided to puppies followed by a series of booster shots 10 , 20 . In dogs and cats, the antibodies that are produced against the capsids of CPV and FPV efficiently protect against infection in recovered or vaccinated animals.…”