Comparative genetic responses to climate in the varieties of Pinus ponderosa and Pseudotsuga menziesii: Reforestation

Rehfeldt, Gerald E.; Jaquish, Barry; Sáenz‐Romero, Cuauhtémoc; Joyce, Dennis G.; Leites, Laura P.; Clair, J. Bradley St.; López-Upton, Javier

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.02.040

Cited by 76 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…à N is sample size. ponderosa pine's range in the southwestern U.S. over the next century (Rehfeldt et al, 2014). Future climate warming combined with severe burning is expected to narrow the occurrence of environmental conditions conducive to ponderosa pine regeneration Savage et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interest in planting ponderosa pine in the southwestern U.S. likely will increase in the future as high-severity fires, bark beetle outbreaks, and drought-induced tree dieoffs (e.g., Williams et al, 2010;2013) leave sites without appropriate forest cover required by the National Forest Management Act for federal lands. Moreover, planting can be used to introduce heat-and drought-tolerant populations to deforested sites for the purpose of mitigating climate change impacts (Rehfeldt et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-fire ponderosa pine regeneration with and without planting in Arizona and New Mexico

Ouzts

Kolb

Huffman

et al. 2015

Forest Ecology and Management

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a b s t r a c tForest fires are increasing in size and severity globally, yet the roles of natural and artificial regeneration in promoting forest recovery are poorly understood. Post-fire regeneration of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa, Lawson and C. Lawson) in the southwestern U.S. is slow, episodic, and difficult to predict. Planting of ponderosa pine after wildfire may accelerate reforestation, but little is known about survival of plantings and the amount of post-fire natural regeneration. We compared ponderosa pine regeneration between paired planted and unplanted plots at eight sites in Arizona and New Mexico that recently (2002)(2003)(2004)(2005) burned severely. Two sites had no natural regeneration and no survival of planted seedlings. Seedling presence increased with number of years since burning across all plots, was positively associated with forb and litter cover on planted plots, and was positively associated with litter cover on unplanted plots. Survival of planted seedlings, measured five to eight years after planting, averaged 25% (SE = 8) and varied from 0% to 70% across sites resulting in seedling densities of 0-521 trees ha À1 . Based on a projected 44% survival of seedlings to mature trees and target density of mature trees determined by historical range of variability and ecological restoration principles, four of eight sites have a seedling density in planted plots (125-240 ha À1 ) that will produce a density of mature trees (55-106 ha À1 ) close to desired levels, whereas seedlings are currently deficient at three planted sites, and in surplus at one site, which had abundant natural regeneration. Natural regeneration in unplanted plots during the first decade after burning produced seedling densities inconsistent with desired numbers of mature trees. Natural regeneration in unplanted plots produced less than 33 seedlings ha À1 at seven of eight sites, but produced 1433 seedlings ha À1 at one high-elevation site that supported a more mesic vegetation community before burning than the other sites. Our results show that current practices for planting ponderosa pine after severe fires in Arizona and New Mexico produce desired numbers of seedlings in approximately half of all projects, whereas natural regeneration rarely does within the first decade after burning.Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-fire ponderosa pine regeneration with and without planting in Arizona and New Mexico

Ouzts

Kolb

Huffman

et al. 2015

Forest Ecology and Management

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“…Tree populations contain substantial genetic variability in tolerance to drought and heat stress (Liepe 2014, Bansal et al 2015, so survival of betteradapted genotypes promotes forest persistence in the short run, and fosters natural selection of more adaptive genotypes for future survival (Aitken et al 2008, Grady et al 2011, Alfaro et al 2014. For example, tree species have optimal climate zones, with populations in colder portions of their distributions expected to have significant genetic capacity for acclimation to warmer temperatures, whereas populations from warmer range-limit portions of the species' distribution are expected to be more vulnerable to stress from warming climate (Rehfeldt et al 2002(Rehfeldt et al , 2004(Rehfeldt et al , 2014. Overall, higher levels of genetic diversity foster adaptive responses to climate change stresses (Jump et al 2009a, Harter et al 2015, including drought and heat stress (Mátyás et al 2009, Sthultz et al 2009).…”

Section: Genetic Variation and Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tree species have optimal climate zones, such that populations in the colder portions of their distributions are expected to have significant genetic acclimative capacity for warmer temperatures, whereas populations from warmer range-limit portions of the species' distribution are generally expected to be more vulnerable to stress from warming climate (Rehfeldt et al 2002(Rehfeldt et al , 2004(Rehfeldt et al , 2014. Tree populations from warmer outlying localities can be better adapted genetically to handle drought conditions (Chen et al 2010, Carsjens et al 2014), although they may become subject to reduced genetic diversity at such ''trailing edge'' sites (Borovics and Mátyás 2013).…”

Section: Mechanisms (Mc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die‐off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene

2015

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Abstract. Patterns, mechanisms, projections, and consequences of tree mortality and associated broadscale forest die-off due to drought accompanied by warmer temperatures-''hotter drought'', an emerging characteristic of the Anthropocene-are the focus of rapidly expanding literature. Despite recent observational, experimental, and modeling studies suggesting increased vulnerability of trees to hotter drought and associated pests and pathogens, substantial debate remains among research, management and policy-making communities regarding future tree mortality risks. We summarize key mortalityrelevant findings, differentiating between those implying lesser versus greater levels of vulnerability. Evidence suggesting lesser vulnerability includes forest benefits of elevated [CO 2 ] and increased water-use efficiency; observed and modeled increases in forest growth and canopy greening; widespread increases in woody-plant biomass, density, and extent; compensatory physiological, morphological, and genetic mechanisms; dampening ecological feedbacks; and potential mitigation by forest management. In contrast, recent studies document more rapid mortality under hotter drought due to negative tree physiological responses and accelerated biotic attacks. Additional evidence suggesting greater vulnerability includes rising background mortality rates; projected increases in drought frequency, intensity, and duration; limitations of vegetation models such as inadequately represented mortality processes; warming feedbacks from die-off; and wildfire synergies. Grouping these findings we identify ten contrasting perspectives that shape the vulnerability debate but have not been discussed collectively. We also present a set of global vulnerability drivers that are known with high confidence: (1) droughts eventually occur everywhere; (2) warming produces hotter droughts; (3) atmospheric moisture demand increases nonlinearly with temperature during drought; (4) mortality can occur faster in hotter drought, consistent with fundamental physiology; (5) shorter droughts occur more frequently than longer droughts and can become lethal under warming, increasing the frequency of lethal drought nonlinearly; and (6) mortality happens rapidly relative to growth intervals needed for forest recovery. These high-confidence drivers, in concert with research supporting greater vulnerability perspectives, support an overall viewpoint of greater forest vulnerability globally. We surmise that mortality vulnerability is being discounted in part due to difficulties in predicting threshold responses to extreme climate events. Given the profound ecological and societal implications of underestimating global vulnerability to hotter drought, we highlight urgent challenges for research, management, and policy-making communities.

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“…DGVMs driven by the latest downscaled GCM climate data could potentially provide guidance on what type of vegetation to replant after disturbance. Even in the case when a species change is not needed, a provenance change may be advisable (Rehfeldt et al 2014b;Wang et al 2006). Douglas-fir is the most common species in managed plantations in the WRB and both tree ring studies of interannual variation in growth (Chen et al 2010) and common garden studies suggest significant interpopulation level differences.…”

Section: Changes In Vegetation Cover Typementioning

confidence: 99%

Projected climate change impacts on forest land cover and land use over the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, USA

2015

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Upland forests in the Pacific Northwest currently provide a host of ecosystem services. However, the regional climate is expected to warm significantly over the course of the 21st century and this factor must be accounted for in planning efforts to maintain those services. Here we couple a dynamic global vegetation model (MC2) with a landscape simulation model (Envision) to evaluate potential impacts of climate change on the vegetation cover and the disturbance regime in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon. Three CMIP5 climate model scenarios, downscaled to a 4 km spatial resolution, were employed. In our simulations, the dominant potential vegetation cover type remained forest throughout the basin, but forest type transitioned from primarily evergreen needleleaf to a mixture of broadleaf and needleleaf growth forms adapted to a warmer climate. By 2100, there was a difference (i.e., climate/vegetation disequilibrium) between potential and actual forest type for 20-50 % of the forested area. In the moderate to high climate change scenarios, the average area burned per year increased three to nine fold from the present day. Forest harvest on private land is projected to be affected late in the century because of fire altering the availability of rotation-age stands. A generally more disturbed and open forest landscape is expected, which may significantly alter the hydrologic cycle.Climatic Change

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Comparative genetic responses to climate in the varieties of Pinus ponderosa and Pseudotsuga menziesii: Reforestation

Cited by 76 publications

References 41 publications

Post-fire ponderosa pine regeneration with and without planting in Arizona and New Mexico

Post-fire ponderosa pine regeneration with and without planting in Arizona and New Mexico

On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die‐off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene

Projected climate change impacts on forest land cover and land use over the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, USA

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