Comparative Examination of the Analysis of β-Lactam Antibiotic Residues in Milk by Enzyme, Receptor–Enzyme, and Inhibition Procedures

Abstract

Antibiotic residues in milk are of great concern to dairy farmers, milk processors, regulatory agencies, and consumers. The aim of this study was to compare the screening tests for residue detection in milk with the purpose of choosing the most sensitive test that could prove residue quantities at maximum residue limits (MRL). The Penzyme S, Delvo-X-press β-lactam II, Delvo SP test, and diffusion test were examined. Milk samples (218) were collected from different segments of milk production chain: farms, milk collection points, dairy, and market. The limit of detection (LOD) of all methods for penicillin G, ampicillin, and amoxicillin were within the MRL, except the LOD for cloxacillin (diffusion test and Delvo-X-press), which were above the MRL value of 30 ng/g. Agreement between test results evaluated by kappa statistic for all tests was substantial (κ=0.61-0.80). We suggest the samples to be examined by Delvo SP test in the dairy. Positive milk samples should be retested by Penzyme S or Delvo-X-press test because of the high probability that residues are β-lactams, and these tests can prove it. By recurrent examining procedure, starting with the milk samples from pickup trucks, bulk milk tanks in collection points, or bulk milk tanks at farm and from individual producers, the specific milk that was contaminated by antibiotics can be traced.

Assessment of antibiotic residues in commercial and farm milk collected in the region of Guelma (Algeria)

“…Other authors, Zinedine et al (2007) in Morocco Tarzaali et al (2008) in Mitidja, Aggad et al (2009) in the west of Algeria, Titouche et al (2013) in Tizi-Ouzu, reported higher frequency of antibiotics positive milk samples (57, 89, 29, and 46 %, respectively). Similarly, frequency of positive farm bulk tank milk (40 %) was found to be higher in a study from Serbia (Petrović et al 2008). Also results obtained for market raw cow's milk in the present study were comparable to those found in a study from Iran (19.78 %) (Aalipour et al 2015).…”

“…Antibiotics in milk of treated cows could arise from a collection of milk shortly after administration of antibiotics. Subsequently, it may also reflect a certain disrespect of a prescribed antibiotic withdrawal time due to overdose usage, failure to observe withdrawal time, drug misuse or the bad hygiene (Zinedine et al 2007;Petrović et al 2008; Boultif. 2015).…”

“…Antibiotics are widely used in livestock production for many purposes, such as: animal disease treatment (therapeutic application), animal disease prevention (prophylactic application), and feed efficiency (as growing promoters) (Jank et al 2015). Their presence as residues in food products especially milk implicates certain damages in the public health like: the development of allergic reactions in some hypersensitive individuals, increased risk of carcinogenicity (Petrović et al 2008;Hou et al 2014), the growth of resistant bacterial strains, and imbalances in intestinal microflora (Wang et al 2006;Borràs et al 2011). Low concentrations of antimicrobial drug residues create problems in the production of milk products by inhibiting the starter cultures (Petrović et al 2008;Stead et al 2008).…”

“…Their presence as residues in food products especially milk implicates certain damages in the public health like: the development of allergic reactions in some hypersensitive individuals, increased risk of carcinogenicity (Petrović et al 2008;Hou et al 2014), the growth of resistant bacterial strains, and imbalances in intestinal microflora (Wang et al 2006;Borràs et al 2011). Low concentrations of antimicrobial drug residues create problems in the production of milk products by inhibiting the starter cultures (Petrović et al 2008;Stead et al 2008). Moreover, the risk of contamination with antibiotic residues of farms milk is higher if inappropriate practices are applied.…”

Penicillin-G and oxytetracycline residues in beef sold for human consumption in Maroua, Cameroon

“…Food containing drug residues are considered to be a public health hazard (Chicoine 2007). When animal products with high levels of veterinary drug residues are ingested by humans, there is occurrence numerous adverse health effects like permanent gene mutation, liver poisoning (Nisha 2008), development of allergic reactions in some hypersensitive individuals, increased risk of carcinogenicity (Petrović et al 2008;Hou et al 2014), growth of resistant bacterial strains, and imbalances in intestinal microflora (Wang et al 2006;Borràs et al 2011).…”