Comparative evaluation of four urinary tubular dysfunction markers, with special references to the effects of aging and correction for creatinine concentration

Cadmium and tubular dysfunction marker levels in urine of residents in non-polluted areas with natural abundance of cadmium in Japan

“…a 1 -MG (mg/g cr) b 2 -MG NAG (Unit/g cr) Noonan et al (2002) 0.1 lg/g cr 120 lg/g cr 0.7 American (n = 144; probably men and women mixed) Satarug et al (2005) When similar (although not identical) data were employed in more than one study, priority was given to the study with more cases (e.g., Moriguchi et al 2005, rather than Moriguchi et al 2003Moriguchi et al , 2004 When the same data were presented in several units, e.g., as observed (per l) and after correction for CR (per g cr), priority was given to CRcorrected values for uniformity in the table (e.g., Reaves and Vanderpool 1997;Moriguchi et al 2005;Kowal and Zirkes 1983;Å kesson et al 2005;Suwazono et al 2006;Yamagami et al 2008) When values given in other units, e.g., in mmol, they were converted to lg/g cr by use of MW of 12.4 for Cd and 113.12 for creatinine (cr)…”

Environmental exposure to arsenic and chromium in children is associated with kidney injury molecule-1

“…Although, adjustment by urinary creatinine is traditionally used, Weaver et al (Weaver et al, 2016) have shown that this could potentially lead to inconsistences because of a misleading statistical effect, by which the associations between urine creatinine-adjusted toxicants and kidney outcomes may be statistical rather than biological. Other approaches to account for urine dilution include timed urine collections, usually over a 24 h period (Waikar et al, 2010), overnight spot urine sample (first morning) (Akerstrom et al, 2014), adjustments using urine specific gravity (Suwazono et al, 2005), using urine creatinine as a covariant in the regression model (Barr et al, 2005) or not adjusting at all Moriguchi et al, 2003). In the present study, we used three different methods to deal with this issue: Model 1 was an unadjusted model, whereas Model 2 and 3 used urinary specific gravity or creatinine, respectively as separate covariates.…”

Some Aspects of Nephrotoxicity of Paracetamol and Ketoprofen in Patients with Rheumathoid Arthritis

“…The examinations reveal that tubular part of the nephron is rich with enzymes. Brush border is very sensitive in changing in their physiological status, hence the release of the superficial enzymes could be used as a marker in primary and secondary renal impairments due to different drugs and toxins [1,2]. Of all the urinary enzymes, U-NAG (urinary) has been extensively examined.…”