Comparative evaluation of clinical, hematological and systemic inflammatory markers in smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis

Abstract

Context:Systemic conditions, especially chronic infections, have a direct impact on the general health and well-being of an individual. Similarly, the long-standing inflammatory changes seen during periodontitis have been associated with the altered diabetic control, preterm, low birth weight infants, and cardiovascular disease. Being a low-grade infection, the signs may not be as severe as seen in other systemic conditions, but they definitely cannot be ignored.Aims:The present study was designed to compare clinical, hematological, and systemic inflammatory markers in patients with chronic periodontitis.Subjects and Methods:A total of 90 chronic periodontitis patients were selected for the present study from the outpatient department of the Department of Periodontology, and the various clinical and hematological parameters were then assessed.Statistical Analysis Used:Z-test was used to compare the probing depth, clinical attachment loss, hematological parameter, and interleukin-6 values between Group A and Group B. Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare gingival index, plaque index, and bleeding on probing between Group A and Group B.Results:The results of the study were based on the comparison of the clinical, hematological, and systemic inflammatory markers in smokers and nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis and came out to be statistically highly significant.Conclusions:With the resurgence of emphasis on significance of oral diseases related to systemic health, the medical professionals also need to familiarize themselves with the oral cavity and the oral-systemic inter-relationships to treat or reduce the morbidity of the underlying medical condition. Furthermore, the oral health care professionals must reach out to the medical community and the general public to improve patient care through education and communication about the oral health-systemic health link.

Pro inflammatory interleukins and thyroid function in Naswar (dipping tobacco) users: a case control study

“…Additionally, another study showed consistently raised levels of IL-6, IL-1β and platelet derived growth factor in the alveolar cells that were stimulated by antigen present in tobacco leaves [ 29 ]. Also, an imbalance in the circulating levels of interleukins in tobacco smokers has been reported and studies have shown significantly increased levels of plasma IL-6 in smokers compared to non-smokers [ 7 , 8 , 30 ].…”

“…Tobacco smoking exerts an inflammatory effect on alveolar macrophages leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1β [ 7 , 8 ]. However, although the harmful effects of tobacco smoke are avoided in smokeless tobacco products, the presence of nicotine in Naswar [ 2 ] could cause alterations in the levels of cytokines as nicotine has been to shown to exert immunosuppressive effects [ 9 ].…”

Comparative evaluation of serum tumor necrosis factor α in health and chronic periodontitis: A case–control study

“…TNF-α level in serum act as diagnostic marker of periodontal disease in patients with Alzheimer disease (Kanakdande V). [ 69 ]…”

Comparative Evaluation and Correlation of Periodontal Status With Inflammatory Markers in Pregnant Women With or Without Chronic Periodontitis: A Clinico-Hematological Study

“…Recent research highlights their societal impact due to their high prevalence. Only 1% of patients have healthy periodontitis, and more than 16% of people are diagnosed with advanced periodontitis [ 4 , 5 ].…”