“…The first type of application measures the efficiency of different universities which were treated as DMUs. Some of these works include evaluating the efficiency of Australian Government-owned universities (Abbott and Doucouliagos, 2003), higher learning institutions in England (Johnes, 2006), British universities (Flegg et al , 2004), public universities in Greece (Katharaki and Katharakis, 2010), universities in Chile (Ramírez-Correa et al , 2012), Polish universities (Nazarko and Šaparauskas, 2014; Chodakowska, 2015), European universities (Klumpp, 2018), research universities in China (Yang et al , 2018), public higher education institutions (HEIs) in Argentina (Quiroga-Martínez et al , 2018), Chinese universities (Fan and Qu, 2019; Han, 2020) and campuses within the California State University system (Hur and Way, 2020). On the other hand, some works evaluated a specific discipline among various universities.…”