Comparative biochemical profiling during the stages of acquisition and development of somatic embryogenesis in African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)

Abstract

In this study, the different stages of somatic embryogenesis (SE) of the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) were characterized biochemically. The total soluble sugars, starch, total free amino acids, and total proteins were extracted, identified and quantified at various stages of embryogenesis: zygotic embryos (initial explants), primary calluses, embryogenic calluses, calluses with pro-embryos, globular embryos, differentiated somatic embryos, and regenerated plants. It was found that at the onset of induction of SE, the level of soluble sugars in the tissues of the explants fell by half. During this period, the total soluble sugars present in the cultures consisted basically of glucose and fructose. In the process of regeneration and maturation, the concentrations of soluble sugars gradually increased, reaching the highest values in the last two stages of development. At this stage, the disaccharide sucrose accounts for more than 80 % of the composition of total soluble sugars in the explants. Compared to starch, we found that the concentrations thereof in developing tissues are inversely proportional to that of soluble sugars virtually throughout embryogenic development. As for free amino acids, we found that after 30 days of induction until formation of the embryogenic calluses, there is an accentuated synthesis of total free amino acids in the explant tissue. In this stage, there was a significant increase in the levels of alanine and serine in the tissues. However, after the formation of the embryogenic calluses, the levels of total free amino acids present in the cultures become stabile and remain constant until the end of cultivation. Similar results were found for total protein, which also showed a significant increase at the onset of induction, undergoing slight changes during the remainder of the cultivation.

Induction of somatic embryogenesis and biochemical characterization of Cordyline australis (G. Forst.) Endl. ‘Red Star’ callus

“…3b). Similar results were reported by Gomes et al (2014) in Elaeis guineensis culture, where the concentrations of soluble sugars during maturation of somatic embryos gradually increased. However, it should be noted that it is difficult to distinguish between the regulatory and metabolic functions of sugars in plants, and alterations in sugar metabolism may indirectly affect morphogenesis in vitro (Lozovaya et al, 2006).…”

Physiological and transcriptome analysis of Poa pratensis var. anceps cv. Qinghai in response to cold stress

“…All assembled unigenes were aligned and annotated in the Non-Redundancy Protein (NR) The sucrose, fructose and glucose content was determined according to Gomes et al [72] with some modification. Specifically, 1 g fresh leaves were ground with liquid nitrogen and stored at -20℃ until lyophylization.…”

“…The mixture was centrifuged and filtered to obtain the supernatant. 0.2 mL supernatant was purified and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as described by Gomes et al [72]. The starch content was determined by the enzymatic method of Gomes et al [72].…”

“…0.2 mL supernatant was purified and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as described by Gomes et al [72]. The starch content was determined by the enzymatic method of Gomes et al [72]. The pyruvic acid content was determined by the Schwimmer and Weston method [73], modified by Anthon [74].…”

The content of endogenous hormones and sugars in the process of early somatic embryogenesis in the tree fern Cyathea delgadii Sternb.

“…During next four days of culture many somatic embryos at the linear stage of development were present. This phase requires a considerable amount of metabolic energy and carbon skeletons (Gomes et al 2014;Cangahuala-Inocente et al 2009). Our results confirmed it by observation of intensive utilisation of soluble sugars.…”