Comparative analysis of various waste cooking oils for esterification and transesterification processes to produce biodiesel

Abstract

This study is focused on the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oils to turn the waste into energy by biological means. Physicochemical analysis of the oil samples was performed by measuring their density, acid value and saponification value for evaluating their efficacy towards biodiesel synthesis. Metal catalyzed glycerolysis and acid catalyzed esterification was carried out to reduce the free fatty acid number of oils. Transesterification of treated oils was done by using different alkalis and lipase (free and immobilized) as catalysts. Furthermore, the impact of all the reaction parameters including time, temperature, catalysts and methanol concentration was observed. Biodiesel was purified by wet and dry washing. Maximum product formation was achieved with 1% potassium hydroxide (KOH) followed by 4% free lipase and 6% immobilized lipase. Chemical composition analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GCMS) showed the presences of about 97 and 93% fatty acid methyl esters for KOH and lipase based biodiesel, respectively. Fuel properties including distillation temperature, kinematic viscosity, flash, fire, cloud and pour point of the final product were found in accordance with the standard American Society Testing and Materials biodiesel specifications.

Biodiesel production from edible and non-edible biomasses and its characterization

“…Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at 1 wt % was used as a catalyst. The volume of WCO was 500 mL, and the methanol-to-oil molar ratio was 7 :1 at the temperature of 65 °C for 90 minutes [12]. Following the reaction, the mixture was moved to a separating funnel and left undisturbed overnight.…”

Reactive Distillation Applied to Biodiesel Production by Esterification: Simulation Studies

“…However, the raw material needed for this reaction must have reduced levels of acidity and moisture to avoid saponification reactions [26]. Due to the high costs of obtaining feedstocks that meet these specifications and competition with the food industry, studies aimed at the production of biodiesel from residual oils with a high content of fatty acids have been published [27][28][29][30].…”

Mechanically Enhanced 3D Printable Photocurable Resin Composed of Epoxy Waste Cooking Oil and Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate

“…Consequently, converting WCO into valuable products not only mitigates these hazards to food safety, health, and the environment but also yields economic gains, boosts local income, and generates employment opportunities. In the last couple of decades, substantial progress has been achieved in the recycling and utilization of WCO, resulting in a wide array of products, including biodiesel [40,41] , biolubricants [42][43][44] , alkyd resins [45][46][47] , cleaning agents [48] , and various related items. However, it's important to note that traditional WCO-derived products often yield modest pro t margins, frequently falling below the 20% mark, necessitating robust policy support and nancial investment.…”