Comparative analysis of the unregulated sale of antimicrobial prescription medication by drug retailers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Abuja, Nigeria

Makanjuola, Rasheed Osuolale; Bello, Adebayo Ajibola; Sadiq, Fawziyyah; Dávid, I.; Oduwole, Kehinde Henry; Taylor‐Robinson, Andrew W.

doi:10.21608/mid.2021.71677.1142

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…These regulatory challenges have led to the spread of drugs, easy access to medication from undocumented sources, and a lack of enforcement of standards on the sale and distribution of herbal medicines [33]. Weak regulations also imply that women who use unprescribed medicines may be exposed to the consumption of counterfeit drugs and toxic herbal preparations [34,35], thus posing a risk to their fetuses. Unregulated use of unprescribed medicines such as antibiotics may lead to antimicrobial resistance and pose a risk during pregnancy [36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, predictors and pregnancy outcomes of unprescribed and herbal medicine use in Ibadan, Nigeria

Adeoye

Etuk

2023

BMC Complement Med Ther

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Background Unprescribed and herbal medicines use among pregnant women is a public health concern in low and middle-income countries because of the potential teratogenic effects, insufficient safety and weak drug regulatory systems. Unprescribed and herbal medicines are common among pregnant women in Nigeria, and only a few researchers have documented the prevalence and the risk factors. However, evidence on the associated pregnancy outcomes is still lacking. We assessed the prevalence, predictors and pregnancy outcomes of unprescribed and herbal medicines use among pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methods This study was a component of the Ibadan Pregnancy Cohort Study, a prospective cohort study, among pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria, who were enrolled at ≤ 20 weeks gestation at their first antenatal visit and followed up till delivery. In all, 571 women participated in the maternal drug use assessment during the third trimester using a pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire. The primary outcomes were unprescribed and herbal medicines use and pregnancy outcomes, secondary outcomes, were abstracted from medical records. The predictors assessed included sociodemographic, obstetric, antenatal care utilization, and lifestyle characteristics. Bi-variate logistic and Poisson regression analyses were used to evaluate the predictors and relative risk for the pregnancy outcomes of unprescribed and herbal medicines at 5% significance. Results The prevalence of unprescribed and herbal medicine use was 31.9% and 21.7%, respectively. On bivariate analysis, the significant predictors of unprescribed medicine (which were protective) were tertiary education, increasing income, adequate antenatal care (≥ 4 visits), and at least two doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. However, high parity and having an antenatal admission increased the risk. However, after adjusting for confounders, the significant factors associated with unprescribed medicines were; tertiary education (AOR) = 0.23; 95% CI: (0.06 – 0.95); p-value: 0.043] and obtaining at least two doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine [AOR = 0.33; 95% CI: (0.29 – 3.60); p-value: 0.048]. For herbal medicines, the predictors were similar to unprescribed drugs. However, after adjusting for confounders, none was significant for herbal medicines. Unprescribed and herbal medicines were not significantly associated with pregnancy outcomes. Conclusions Unprescribed and herbal medicines use were common among pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria, particularly among women with low economic status and those with poor utilization of antenatal care services. These significant predictors can be targeted for public health intervention. Specifically, health education that discourages the use of unprescribed and herbal medications to pregnant women during antenatal care.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, predictors and pregnancy outcomes of unprescribed and herbal medicine use in Ibadan, Nigeria

Adeoye

Etuk

2023

BMC Complement Med Ther

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“…Furthermore, overlapping symptoms between COVID-19 and malaria has made accurate diagnosis more challenging (Zawawi et al, 2020). This mis-diagnosis has also been shown to increase sales and misuse of non-prescription antimalarials, potentially exacerbating the emergence of antimalarial resistance (Makanjuola et al, 2021). Since resistance to all frontline antimalarials has rapidly emerged and the COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unexpected disruption in progress toward malaria elimination, there is an even greater need to develop novel antimalarials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promising antimalarial hits from phenotypic screens: a review of recently-described multi-stage actives and their modes of action

Luo,

Giannangelo,

Siddiqui

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Over the last two decades, global malaria cases caused by Plasmodium falciparum have declined due to the implementation of effective treatments and the use of insecticides. However, the COVID-19 pandemic caused major disruption in the timely delivery of medical goods and diverted public health resources, impairing malaria control. The emergence of resistance to all existing frontline antimalarials underpins an urgent need for new antimalarials with novel mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the need to reduce malaria transmission and/or prevent malaria infection has shifted the focus of antimalarial research towards the discovery of compounds that act beyond the symptomatic blood stage and also impact other parasite life cycle stages. Phenotypic screening has been responsible for the majority of new antimalarial lead compounds discovered over the past 10 years. This review describes recently reported novel antimalarial hits that target multiple parasite stages and were discovered by phenotypic screening during the COVID-19 pandemic. Their modes of action and targets in blood stage parasites are also discussed.

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Comparative analysis of the unregulated sale of antimicrobial prescription medication by drug retailers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Abuja, Nigeria

Cited by 2 publications

References 16 publications

Prevalence, predictors and pregnancy outcomes of unprescribed and herbal medicine use in Ibadan, Nigeria

Prevalence, predictors and pregnancy outcomes of unprescribed and herbal medicine use in Ibadan, Nigeria

Promising antimalarial hits from phenotypic screens: a review of recently-described multi-stage actives and their modes of action

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