Comparative analysis of floating and submerged macrophytes for heavy metal (copper, chromium, arsenic and lead) removal: sorbent preparation, characterization, regeneration and cost estimation

Abstract

In this study, a comparative evaluation of floating and submerged macrophytes was performed. Azolla filiculoides (free floating) and Hydrilla verticillata (submerged) aquatic macrophytes were utilized for arsenic, copper, chromium and lead removal from the respective metallic ion solutions. Batch experiments were performed initially with optimization of different physical parameters viz., pH, initial heavy metal concentration, biosorbent dosage, contact time, temperature and agitation speed. Submerged (Hydrilla verticillata) had depicted better removal efficiency in comparison to the floating macrophyte (Azolla filiculoides). Field emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was performed for the characterization of the metal loaded biosorbents. Biosorption of the respective heavy metal was clearly depicted in the FESEM-EDX spectrum, although not much change in the morphology of the biosorbents were examined. FTIR spectra of the biosorbents obtained after the experiments confirmed the involvement of C-H bend, -CH 2 -(C=O), N-H, -C-O, R 2 -C= bending and -C-C=O on the biomass. Furthermore, the biosorbent regeneration followed by heavy metal biosorption confirmed the reusability of the prepared biosorbent for at least two consecutive cycles without much significant change in the heavy metal biosorption capacity.

Thermal simulation experiment and research on the system of coal/coal and water/coal and water and MgSO4/coal and water and CaSO4

“…(3) There are multiple initiation phases of the TSR response [25][26][27][28]. In the first stage of the initial nonautocatalytic reaction, the isotope fractionation is the kinetic isotopic fractionation effect; after the start-up phase, the presence of H 2 S in the system will catalyze the reaction to continue to the second stage, which is reflected in the sulfite [29][30][31][32]. The root ion is an important intermediate product for catalytic TSR reaction.…”

Biosorption valorization of floating and submerged macrophytes for heavy-metal removal in a multi-component system

“…Globally, heavy metals are very well recognized for their ill effects since ages, representing a serious environmental concern and threat to the ecosystem (Ahmad et al 2018;Kushwaha et al 2018). Unlike organic contaminants, heavy metals (HMs), viz., copper, chromium, arsenic and lead, are among the prime pollutants of the aquatic bodies because of their toxic, persistent, non-degradable nature, and bioaccumulative capability among the food web and tissues in human bodies (Singh et al 2019;Bind et al 2018;Goswami et al 2017a;Arul Manikandan et al 2016). It causes serious problems to human beings in relation to the respiratory, reproductive, cardiovascular, endocrine and immunological systems leading to insomnia, irritability, anemia, dizziness and muscles weakness (Kushwaha et al 2015, Goswami et al 2019.…”

Valorization ofAdenanthera pavoninaseeds as a potential biosorbent for lead and cadmium removal from single and binary contaminated system

“…Exposure of heavy metals in human beings takes place by breathing contaminated air, drinking contaminated water and eating foods containing low levels of heavy metals (Sharma & Bhattacharyya, 2005). The chronic and acute disorders caused by Cd (II) exposure include itai-itai disease, renal disorder, emphysema, hypertension, and testicular atrophy (Bind et al, 2018).…”

“…The pervasive and toxic nature of heavy metals and their propensity to bio accumulate in the food chain have made it imperative to develop technologies to remove heavy metal ions from wastewater effectively (Bind et al, 2018). Methods like chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation and reduction, electrochemical treatment, membrane filtration, ion-exchange, and adsorption on activated carbon, have been conventionally applied for removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater (Tobin & Roux, 1998 GeoloGy, ecoloGy, and landscapes 2018, VOL.…”

“…Wastewater generated from the industries such as electroplating, mining operations, metal finishing, and metallurgical industries having low pH have been reported to cause the lethal effect on the living organisms (Arul Manikandan, Alemu, Goswami, Pakshirajan, & Pugazhenthi, 2016). Heavy metals viz., lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) can be classified as toxic, non-degradable, inorganic pollutants and is been utilized extensively in industrial processes (Bind, Goswami, & Prakash, 2018;U.S. HHS, 1999).…”