Comparative analysis between mass and volume of catalysts as a criterion to determine the optimal quantity of Nafion ionomer in catalyst layers

Bonifácio, Rafael Nogueira; Neto, Almir Oliveira; Linardi, Marcelo

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.12.114

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…The density of dry Nafion ( ρ Nafion. ) was set to 1134 mg cm −3 based on values reported by Bonifácio et al for a similar type of Nafion solution (i.e., type D‐520 from DuPont).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These optimized Nafion contents could not be directly applied to other catalyst materials because of significant differences in their densities . In a recent report on carbon black‐based catalysts, this problem was circumvented by the use of volume rather than weight percentages . Another important factor that affects the optimum concentration of Nafion is the preparation method of the CL .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, several studies have been dedicated to the optimization of the Nafion content , and most experimentally obtained values for carbon black‐based catalysts are in the range of 20–40% by weight . These optimized Nafion contents could not be directly applied to other catalyst materials because of significant differences in their densities . In a recent report on carbon black‐based catalysts, this problem was circumvented by the use of volume rather than weight percentages .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Composite-supported Pt catalyst and electrosprayed cathode catalyst layer for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

Alvar

Zhou

Eichhorn

2017

Int. J. Energy Res.

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Summary A major limitation of the conventional polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) catalysts is the fast oxidative degradation of their carbon black supports. Complete replacement of carbon black is difficult because of its low‐cost and high electrical conductivity. Reported here are the development and optimization of composite‐supported Pt catalysts and the electrosprayed cathode catalyst layer with these catalysts for PEMFC. These catalysts are supported by a composite of carbon black (Vulcan XC‐72R) and the electrochemically much more stable carbon‐embedded niobium‐doped titanium dioxide nanofibers (C/Nb0.1Ti0.9O2). Four different catalyst supports with 20 wt.% Pt were prepared by air spraying and electrospraying to compare their activity and stability. Vulcan XC‐72R and C/Nb0.1Ti0.9O2 were tested as pristine support materials for comparison as well as 1:3 and 3:1 mixtures by weight of the two pristine support materials (composite supports). The amount of Nafion in the catalyst ink was optimized for each catalyst layer by a volumetric method. An increase in carbon black content of the support layer from 0% to 100% increases the performance of these catalysts in H2/air PEMFCs but also increases the loss of oxygen reduction reaction mass activity. The best balance between PEMFC performance and durability was obtained for the Pt catalyst with 25% carbon black in the support layer, while the highest initial oxygen reduction reaction mass activity was obtained for the catalyst with 75% carbon black content. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…The density of dry Nafion ( ρ Nafion. ) was set to 1134 mg cm −3 based on values reported by Bonifácio et al for a similar type of Nafion solution (i.e., type D‐520 from DuPont).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Composite-supported Pt catalyst and electrosprayed cathode catalyst layer for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

Alvar

Zhou

Eichhorn

2017

Int. J. Energy Res.

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“…Over the decades of PEM fuel cell research, it has been shown that the NCR ratio in the catalytic layer of PEM fuel cells has a major impact on FC performance. While a value of 20 -40% of Nafion ionomer to the commercially "standard" Pt 20 /C catalyst weight was somewhat established, it is recognised that variations in the catalyst properties may greatly influence the optimal NCR for both Pt-based [20,21] and non PGM-based [22,23] catalysts. Since the N-CNF system is different from widely used Pt on carbon, it is necessary to perform at least a rough screening to find a suitable NCR.…”

Section: Optimization Of the Cathode Catalytic Layer (Ionomer And Catalyst Loading)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber catalyst for ORR in PEM fuel cell stack: Performance, durability and market application aspects

Bokach

Hoopen

Muthuswamy

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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A noble metal-free catalyst based on N-doped carbon nanofibers supported on graphite (N-CNF 1 ) was employed for the oxygen reduction at the cathode of a Nafion PEMFC with a commercial Pt/C anode. Obtained performance in pure H2 and O2 indicated the presence of significant mass-transport limitations when utilizing catalyst loadings between 1 and 10 mg cm -2 . Strategies to reduce the limitations were explored by optimization of the cathode ionomer content, catalyst loading and application technique. Pore-formers (Li2CO3, (NH4)2CO3 and polystyrene microspheres) were utilized to improve the mass-transport within the layer. A maximum of 72 mW cm -2 and 1400 A g -1 or 300 W g -1 at peak power was demonstrated. The catalyst was then applied to the cathode of a 10-cell fuel cell stack, and a 400-hour durability test was conducted. The average cell voltage decay amounted to 162 µV h -1 . Finally, a market application analysis was conducted by comparing the capital and operating costs of FC systems based on Pt/C and on N-CNF cathodes. While the cheap (3,32 € g -1 ) N-CNF catalyst reduces the single MEA cost by almost a third, the total cost of ownership of an N-CNF based PEMFC system is still higher due to lower cell performance.

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“…Optimization of Nafion ionomer has been studied in various researches. Table 1 shows a summary of some research on catalyst layer Nafion content during the last few years [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Based on these studies, in order to have a proper porosity of catalyst layer, amount of Nafion ionomer and carbon content should be optimized simultaneously.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of the Cathode Catalyst Layer Void Volume on the Short‐term and Long‐term Performance of PEM Fuel Cell

2018

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The cathode catalyst layer void volume of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) determines the available three‐phase regions and routes of mass transfer in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). In this paper, four MEAs with different void volume of cathode catalyst layer have been made and their performance was evaluated and analyzed. The results show that for the MEA with cathode catalyst layer porosity of 20.8%, an optimal structure and a proper balance between catalyst layer void volume and Nafion content is obtained. The optimal void volume caused that electrochemical surface area for the MEA with the optimal structure be 1.45 times higher than MEA having a porosity of 29.5% at the end of the long‐term cycles. On the other hand, the mass transfer resistance (Rmt) at the end of long‐term cycles for MEA with the optimal structure is 4.8 times less than the same MEA having a porosity of 15.9%. This fact makes that MEA with the cathode catalyst layer porosity of 20.8%, both in short and in the long‐term, has higher and more stable performance than other MEAs; so that its maximum output power density has changed only 0.8% during 200 cycles.

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Comparative analysis between mass and volume of catalysts as a criterion to determine the optimal quantity of Nafion ionomer in catalyst layers

Cited by 8 publications

References 89 publications

Composite-supported Pt catalyst and electrosprayed cathode catalyst layer for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

Composite-supported Pt catalyst and electrosprayed cathode catalyst layer for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber catalyst for ORR in PEM fuel cell stack: Performance, durability and market application aspects

Influence of the Cathode Catalyst Layer Void Volume on the Short‐term and Long‐term Performance of PEM Fuel Cell

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