“…However, with increased ablation efficiency, the dentin microstructure may be affected by the thermal effect, and the resulting surface may vary from a white spot to charring, fusion, roughening, melting, recrystallization, cracking, and both de-and remineralization and deproteinization. 8,10,13,[38][39][40][41] Some researchers [34][35][36]42 indicate that adjustments to variable parameters, including irradiation time, water spray flow rate, pulse energy, and pulse repetition rate, should be made to improve the ablation ability of the laser. Moreover, different depths of dentin should be considered as an additional variable affecting the ablation rate.…”