Compact liquid crystal waveguide based Fourier transform spectrometer for in-situ and remote gas and chemical sensing

Chao, Tien‐Hsin; Lu, Tingting; Davis, Sumner P.; Rommel, Scott D.; Farca, George; Luey, Ben; Martin, Alan; Anderson, Michael H.

doi:10.1117/12.785888

Cited by 26 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…These are higher optical throughput (Jacquinot's advantage) and the so-called multiplex advantage, whereby a spectrum containing n spectral bins requires a measurement time t n for the moveable grating spectrometer compared with t n 1/2 for a Fourier Transform spectrometer [18] . Figure 32) was developed around a 1 cm long LC clad waveguide to give over 1 mm optical path difference with no moving parts, and a prototype has been used to measure various absorption features including acetylene gas at 1.540 μm [ 160 ] . The authors suggest that longer waveguides or multipass designs could deliver optical path differences of 1-10 cm in future devices to give even high spectral resolution.…”

Section: Spectrophotometer Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical gas sensing: a review

Hodgkinson

Tatam

2012

Meas. Sci. Technol.

1,311

858

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The detection and measurement of gas concentrations using the characteristic optical absorption of the gas species is important for both understanding and monitoring a variety of phenomena from industrial processes to environmental change. This article reviews the field, covering several individual gas detection techniques including non-dispersive infrared (NDIR), spectrophotometry, tunable diode laser spectroscopy and photoacoustic spectroscopy. We present the basis for each technique, recent developments in methods and performance limitations. The technology available to support this field, in terms of key components such as light sources and gas cells, has advanced rapidly in recent years and we discuss these new developments. Finally, we present a performance comparison of different techniques, taking data reported over the preceding decade, and draw conclusions from this benchmarking.

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Section: Spectrophotometer Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical gas sensing: a review

Hodgkinson

Tatam

2012

Meas. Sci. Technol.

1,311

858

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“…TriPleX waveguide technology in principle is passive, as it is not (yet) possible to monolithically integrate light sources, electro-optical modulators, or detectors with competing specifications. However, to be able to tune optical properties of integrated optical (IO) devices, thermo-optical tuning can be achieved by means of resistive metal-based heaters on the top cladding [17], [Section III-E], stress-optical tuning is possible by integration of PZT piezoelectric devices on top of the top cladding [18], [Section III-F], and electro-optical tuning can be realized by locally defining sensing windows through the top cladding until near the guiding layer that are filled with a liquid [4] crystal, and by generation of an electric field across the liquid crystal [19], [20].…”

Section: Basic Building Blocks (Basic Structures and Functionalities)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Loss Si3N4 TriPleX Optical Waveguides: Technology and Applications Overview

Roeloffzen

Hoekman

Klein

et al. 2018

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

306

183

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An overview of the most recent developments and improvements to the low-loss TriPleX Si 3 N 4 waveguide technology is presented in this paper. The TriPleX platform provides a suite of waveguide geometries (box, double stripe, symmetric single stripe, and asymmetric double stripe) that can be combined to design complex functional circuits, but more important are manufactured in a single monolithic process flow to create a compact photonic integrated circuit. All functionalities of the integrated circuit are constructed using standard basic building blocks, namely straight and bent waveguides, splitters/combiners and couplers, spot size converters, and phase tuning elements. The basic functionalities that have been realized are: ring resonators and Mach-Zehnder interferometer filters, tunable delay elements, and waveguide switches. Combination of these basic functionalities evolves into more complex functions such as higher order filters, beamforming networks,

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“…Various DMI layouts can be found in scientific publications. While this overview is focused on DMI designs utilizing only the fundamental and second-order quasi-transverse electric (TE) modes, there are further designs which use either higher-order modes [ 5 ], or two different polarizations in the dual-mode section [ 6 ]. The basic DMI types utilizing the two lowest-order TE modes are depicted in Table 1 .…”

Section: Designs Of Dual-mode Interferometersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon Integrated Dual-Mode Interferometer with Differential Outputs

et al. 2017

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The dual-mode interferometer (DMI) is an attractive alternative to Mach-Zehnder interferometers for sensor purposes, achieving sensitivities to refractive index changes close to state-of-the-art. Modern designs on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platforms offer thermally stable and compact devices with insertion losses of less than 1 dB and high extinction ratios. Compact arrays of multiple DMIs in parallel are easy to fabricate due to the simple structure of the DMI. In this work, the principle of operation of an integrated DMI with differential outputs is presented which allows the unambiguous phase shift detection with a single wavelength measurement, rather than using a wavelength sweep and evaluating the optical output power spectrum. Fluctuating optical input power or varying attenuation due to different analyte concentrations can be compensated by observing the sum of the optical powers at the differential outputs. DMIs with two differential single-mode outputs are fabricated in a 250 nm SOI platform, and corresponding measurements are shown to explain the principle of operation in detail. A comparison of DMIs with the conventional Mach-Zehnder interferometer using the same technology concludes this work.

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Compact liquid crystal waveguide based Fourier transform spectrometer for in-situ and remote gas and chemical sensing

Cited by 26 publications

References 5 publications

Optical gas sensing: a review

Optical gas sensing: a review

Low-Loss Si3N4 TriPleX Optical Waveguides: Technology and Applications Overview

Silicon Integrated Dual-Mode Interferometer with Differential Outputs

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