Compact four-port circulator based on 2D photonic crystals with a 90° rotation of the light wave for photonic integrated circuits applications

Abstract

A four-port optical circulator based on two-dimensional square lattice photonic crystals is reported. It is simple besides the brief framework. The crystalline geometrical structure of the circulator makes 90° non-reciprocal transmissions of electromagnetic waves with low insertion loss and high levels of isolation by the diligence of magneto-optic crystals. The structure is novel because it uses a resonant cavity with a simple design. Also, in comparison to prior models, the proposed four-port circulator utilizes a two-dimensional square lattice crystal structure with a cylindrical ferrite section of the π/4 Faraday angle. The finite element method is used for this anisotropic medium to get the tensor elements in this simulation. The importance of the gyromagnetic properties of ferrite crystals for the non-reciprocal transmission is investigated. Furthermore, the corresponding S-parameters for this circulator are analyzed and reported. Due to the compact size and ease of fabrication, this device can be realized for applications such as splitting and isolation in photonic integrated circuits.

Design and analysis of photonic crystal ring resonator based 6 × 6 wavelength router for photonic integrated circuits

“…This eventually entails routing of signals between different ports in the integrated circuit networks with complete connectivity and improved performance [2]. Photonic crystalbased components such as splitters [3,4], circulators [5], filters [6], decoder [7], low-power encoders [8][9][10], and routers [11][12][13] were designed and reported. Among them, routers play a vital role in transmitting signals from one user to others with low loss and high efficiency in order to deliver high-quality signals to the end-users and minimise the traffic in the data transmission.…”

Design and analysis of Tbps all-optical gray code converter using photonic crystal-semiconductor optical amplifier-Mach–Zehnder interferometric structure

“…Based on the results obtained in prior studies, 3 , 4 the DPSK modulation technique is preferred for enhancing the data rate handling capacity of the proposed gray code converter design using PhC-SOA. A few sets of angles are used to generate phase values of the DPSK signals, 20 which are given in the following equations φki=φk−1+(2πM(i−1)+φ),i=1,2,…M,where φki and φk−1 are the phase values of the current and previous symbols, respectively, and M is a possible sequence of the given inputs, which is calculated based on the following relation: M=2h,where h is the number of bits in the symbol.…”

“…Based on the results obtained in prior studies, 3,4 the DPSK modulation technique is preferred for enhancing the data rate handling capacity of the proposed gray code converter design using PhC-SOA. A few sets of angles are used to generate phase values of the DPSK signals, 20 which are given in the following equations…”

“…A photonic crystal (PhC) is an optical nanostructure made of well-ordered arrays of holes to confine and control the photon motion and strongly alter the dispersion relationship 1 – 3 In contrast, the conventional designs based on the nonlinearity of the semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) are very attractive due to their strong nonlinearity, compactness, power efficiency, and integration possibility with different optoelectronic devices. Hence, combining the unique characteristics of SOA with novel PhC material justifies the use of PhC-SOA as a nonlinear element for designing all-optical devices for high-speed applications.…”

Compact 4-bit all optical digital to analog converter based on photonic crystal ring resonators

“…Photonic crystals were classified into three groups based on the directions of periodicity, where 2D crystals are found to have a major role in commercial use in the form of different optical components. Components such as add-drop filters [1], optical power splitters [2], channel drop filters [3,4], multiplexers and demultiplexers [5], polarization beam splitters [6], triplexer [7], switches [8], directional couplers [9], bandstopfilters [10], bandpass filters [11], analog-to-digital converter (ADC) [12], digital-to-analog converter (DAC) [13], optical gates [14], circulators [15,16], photonic crystal fibers [17,18] have been designed and analysed by researchers for various applications.…”