Commuter exposure to particulate matter in public transportation modes in Hong Kong

Чан, Лю; Lau, W.L; Lee, Shuncheng; Chan, Chia-Tai

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(02)00318-7

Cited by 214 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…According to the measurement results, the sources of PM inside the metro trains could be directly affected by the surrounding conditions of the trains. Chan et al (2002a) noted that the PM 2.5 -to-PM 10 ratios inside the trains were approximately 0.72 in the Hong Kong mass transit railway system. Li et al (2007) presented that PM 2.5 -to-PM 10 ratios inside the trains were approximately 0.34 in above-ground environments in the Beijing railway transit system.…”

Section: Comparison Of Particle Mass Size Distributions and Pm 25 -Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PM concentrations in metro systems whether on platforms or inside trains are generally higher compared to those in outdoor air . Levels of PM 10 , PM 2.5 or particle number (PN) have been measured on platforms or inside trains in many metro systems, including those in London (Pfeifer et al, 1999;Sitzmann et al, 1999;Adams et al, 2001;Seaton et al, 2005), Berlin (Fromme et al, 1998), Tokyo (Furuya et al, 2001), Boston (Levy et al, 2002), Hong Kong (Chan et al, 2002a), Guangzhou (Chan et al, 2002b), Stockholm (Johansson and Johansson, 2003), New York (Chillrud et al, 2004), Helsinki (Aarnio et al, 2005, Asmi et al, 2009, Prague (Braniš, 2006), Rome (Ripanucci et al, 2006), Budapest (Salma et al, 2007), Beijing (Li et al, 2006;Li et al, 2007), Mexico , Taipei (Cheng et al, 2008;Cheng et al, 2009;Cheng and Yan, 2011), Seoul (Kim et al, 2008;Park and Ha, 2008), Paris (Raut et al, 2009), and Los Angeles (Kam et al, 2011). The widely varying PM levels and their sources reported in the different metro systems throughout the world indicates that PM may originate from the outside atmosphere or may be generated internally in the underground portion of the metro system (Pfeifer et al, 1999;Sitzmann et al, 1999;Johansson and Johansson, 2003;Chillrud et al, 2004;Aarnio et al, 2005;Braniš, 2006;Ripanucci et al, 2006;Salma et al, 2007;…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparisons of PM10, PM2.5, Particle Number, and CO2 Levels inside Metro Trains between Traveling in Underground Tunnels and on Elevated Tracks

Chen

Liu

Yan

2012

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Commuters spend considerable time, in some cases up to 1-2 h a day, traveling in metro trains. However, few studies have compared air quality between trains traveling above-ground and underground. This study measures the PM 10 , PM 2.5 , particle number (PN) and CO 2 levels inside metro trains traveling in underground tunnels and on elevated tracks on a metro line in the Taipei metro system. The results demonstrated that PM 10 , PM 2.5 and CO 2 levels inside metro trains traveling in underground environments are approximately 20-50% higher than those in above-ground environments. However, PN levels inside metro trains traveling in underground environments are approximately 20% lower than those in above-ground ones. These measurement results reveal that levels of pollutant species inside the metro trains are significantly affected by traveling environmental conditions--in underground tunnels or on elevated tracks. Moreover, the levels of pollutant species inside the metro trains traveling on the same route are also different in different traveling directions. Fine PM inside the metro trains is transferred from the outside and significantly influenced by the surrounding conditions of the trains. Additionally, a high fraction of large coarse PM (> 10 μm) is observed inside the metro trains, possibly due to re-suspension by the movement of commuters. The measurement results show that, unlike PM, which is transferred from outside environments, CO 2 inside metro trains is elevated internally by exhalation from commuters. Clearly, CO 2 exhaled by commuters could accumulate inside metro trains and, compared to PM, is not as easily removed by the ventilation system when air circulation does not provide enough fresh air in the metro trains, particularly in trains traveling in underground environments.

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Section: Comparison Of Particle Mass Size Distributions and Pm 25 -Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparisons of PM10, PM2.5, Particle Number, and CO2 Levels inside Metro Trains between Traveling in Underground Tunnels and on Elevated Tracks

Chen

Liu

Yan

2012

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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show abstract

“…17 PM 10 (particle sizes Յ10 m in aerodynamic diameter) levels are affected by mode of transportation and ventilation system. 18 BC, particlebound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PB-PAH), benzene, and formaldehyde concentrations were all higher as a result of introduction of own exhaust when a school bus's windows were closed. 19 BC, PB-PAH, and benzene levels were higher in a conventional diesel bus than in one using compressed natural gas (CNG), although formaldehyde levels in the CNG bus was higher.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Vehicle Exposures to Particulate Matter and Black Carbon

Lee

Sohn

Putti

2010

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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In-vehicle exposures to particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) can be a significant part of personal total exposure. The purpose of this study was to identify determinants of the in-vehicle pollutant level. This study measured in-vehicle exposure to PM number concentrations using an aerosol spectrometer and BC concentration by an aethalometer. The measurement was repeated 3 times a day for 13 consecutive days in May 2007 while a vehicle was driven on a 1-hr predetermined route in Lexington, KY. The vehicle's windows were closed, its fan was operated at the lowest setting, and air conditioning and heating were off. The average speed of all runs was 37 Ϯ 5.8 km/hr. Arithmetic mean PM 1 (particle sizes Յ1 m in aerodynamic diameter) number and BC concentrations were 286 #/cm 3 (morning, 302 #/cm 3 ; afternoon, 270 #/cm 3 ; evening, 287 #/cm 3 ) and 1.9 g/m 3 (morning, 2.5 g/m 3 ; afternoon, 1.6 g/m 3 ; evening, 1.5 g/m 3 ), respectively. Average PM and BC concentrations increased during weekdays and decreased during weekends, and PM 1 number and BC concentrations were highest in the morning. Particle size distribution for PM 1 did not differ with time of day, but the concentration of PM 1-10 (particle sizes between 1 and 10 m in aerodynamic diameter) was higher in the evening and lower in the morning. Peak PM 1 number concentrations were observed when the test vehicle approached busy crossroads. In-vehicle PM and BC concentrations were associated with time of the day and location, whereas the in-vehicle 1-hr PM number concentrations were closely associated with distant ambient PM 2.5 (particle sizes Յ2.5 m in aerodynamic diameter) concentrations measured at a stationary monitoring site. The findings suggested that in-vehicle exposure is associated with surrounding traffic. INTRODUCTIONA relationship between exposure to fine particles and adverse health effects, including cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, has been suggested by several epidemiologic studies. 1 In some studies, particulate matter (PM) less than or equal to 2.5 m in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 ) has been associated with increased hospital admissions, emergency room visits for heart and lung disease, increased respiratory symptoms and disease, and decreased lung function. [2][3][4][5] In-vehicle exposure can be a significant part of personal total exposure to ambient particulates. 6,7 Automobile exhaust is a major source of ambient PM and black carbon (BC), and in-vehicle exposure to PM can be higher than ambient concentration. 8 PM 10 concentrations inside buses and trams have exceeded the ambient level by 3-5 times in Munich, Germany. 8 Such higher concentrations may be due to a vehicle's proximity to relatively undiluted emissions from other vehicles and the typically high air-exchange rate inside vehicles. 9 Although a person may spend relatively short time in a transportation environment, high exposures during short transportation periods may be more important for health effects than 24 hr exposures. 10,11 During school bus comm...

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“…In the underground of Mexico City the mean values amounted to 61 µg/m³ (31 -99 µg/m³) (Gómez-Perales et al, 2004). Measurements in the Seoul underground and in a Chinese city, resulted in concentrations of 148 µg/m³ (Sohn et al, 2005) and 67 µg/m³ (26-123 µg/m³), respectively (Chan et al, 2002).…”

Section: Pm In Underground Transportation Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particles in the Indoor Environment

Fromme¹

2012

Air Quality - Monitoring and Modeling

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Commuter exposure to particulate matter in public transportation modes in Hong Kong

Cited by 214 publications

References 17 publications

Comparisons of PM10, PM2.5, Particle Number, and CO2 Levels inside Metro Trains between Traveling in Underground Tunnels and on Elevated Tracks

Comparisons of PM10, PM2.5, Particle Number, and CO2 Levels inside Metro Trains between Traveling in Underground Tunnels and on Elevated Tracks

In-Vehicle Exposures to Particulate Matter and Black Carbon

Particles in the Indoor Environment

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