“…Overall, 31 studies on substance misuse met the criteria for inclusion in the review. These studies were published between 2000 and 2014 in the USA ( Alemi et al., 2006 ; Anglin, Nosyk, Jaffe, Urada, & Evans, 2013 ; Brewster, 2001 ; Brown, Gassman, Hetzel, & Berger, 2013 ; Chun et al., 2007 ; Claus & Kindleberger, 2002 ; Cropsey et al., 2011 ; Evans, Li, Urada, & Anglin, 2014 ; Gottfredson & Exum, 2002 ; Gray, 2002 ; Gregoire & Burke, 2004 ; Gryczynski et al., 2012 ; Harrell, Cavanagh, & Roman, 2000 ; J. F. Kelly, Finney, & Moos, 2005 ; S. M. Kelly, O'Grady, Jaffe, Gandhi, & Schwartz, 2013 ; Kleinpeter, Deschenes, Blanks, Lepage, & Knox, 2006 ; Longshore et al., 2005 ; Mackin et al., 2008 ; Marchand, Waller, & Carey, 2006 ; Martin, Clapp, Alfers, & Beresford, 2004 ; Martin et al., 2003 ; Sia, Dansereau, & Czuchry, 2000 ; Stageberg, Wilson, & Moore, 2001 ), the UK ( Ashby, Horrocks, & Kelly, 2010 ; Eley, Gallop, McIvor, Morgan, & Yates, 2002 ; Hearnden, 2000 ; McSweeney, Stevens, Hunt, & Turnbull, 2007 ; Powell, Bankart, Christie, Bamber, & Arrindell, 2009 ; Turnbull & Webster, 2007 ), Ireland ( Hollway, Mawhinney, & Sheehy, 2007 ) and Mexico ( Brodie et al., 2009 ). Due to the heterogeneous nature of the papers, we have organised them into subsections below.…”