Communication: Growing room temperature ice with graphene

Verdaguer, Albert; Segura, Juan José; López-Mir, Laura; Sauthier, Guillaume; Fraxedas, Jordi

doi:10.1063/1.4798941

Cited by 24 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…For this type of modification, the interfacial layer residing between the substrate and the SLG flake due to its exfoliation in ambient, is anticipated to play a major role. Thin water films resulting from exfoliation in ambient have been recognized in literature as an important feature determining the sheet properties [33–39]. The structures of type (iii) might act as a pressure release for heated water confined at the interface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Routes to rupture and folding of graphene on rough 6H-SiC(0001) and their identification

Temmen¹,

Ochedowski²,

Bußmann³

et al. 2013

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.

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SummaryTwisted few layer graphene (FLG) is highly attractive from an application point of view, due to its extraordinary electronic properties. In order to study its properties, we demonstrate and discuss three different routes to in situ create and identify (twisted) FLG. Single layer graphene (SLG) sheets mechanically exfoliated under ambient conditions on 6H-SiC(0001) are modified by (i) swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation, (ii) by a force microscope tip and (iii) by severe heating. The resulting surface topography and the surface potential are investigated with non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). SHI irradiation results in rupture of the SLG sheets, thereby creating foldings and bilayer graphene (BLG). Applying the other modification methods creates enlarged (twisted) graphene foldings that show rupture along preferential edges of zigzag and armchair type. Peeling at a folding over an edge different from a low index crystallographic direction can result in twisted BLG, showing a similar height as Bernal (or AA-stacked) BLG in NC-AFM images. The rotational stacking can be identified by a significant contrast in the local contact potential difference (LCPD) measured by KPFM.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Routes to rupture and folding of graphene on rough 6H-SiC(0001) and their identification

Temmen¹,

Ochedowski²,

Bußmann³

et al. 2013

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.

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show abstract

“…In contrast with these findings, liquid-like droplets with thickness in the nanometer range appear as the typical morphology of confined water when graphene is mechanically exfoliated on top of some hydrophobic substrates [53], instead of mica [54,55]. Graphene template AFM experiments done in the case of the (111) face of the two isostructural alkali earth halides BaF 2 and CaF 2 showed a difference in the morphology and thickness of water films depending on the substrate [56]. On BaF 2 , the formation of more than five water layers with thicknesses compatible with the presence of Ih bilayers (3.7 Å) was observed, while on CaF 2 water layers with thickness in the nanometer range were reported, showing a liquid-like structure.…”

Section: Graphene Templatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the images, we can observe adsorbed water increasing from a sub-monolayer coverage (7% and 15% RH) to a complete monolayer (30% and 50% RH), multilayers (70% RH) and forming droplets on the surface (90% RH). (Reprinted with permission from reference [56], published by AIP Publishing LLC, 2013).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging Water Thin Films in Ambient Conditions Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Santos¹,

Verdaguer

2016

Materials

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All surfaces exposed to ambient conditions are covered by a thin film of water. Other than at high humidity conditions, i.e., relative humidity higher than 80%, those water films have nanoscale thickness. Nevertheless, even the thinnest film can profoundly affect the physical and chemical properties of the substrate. Information on the structure of these water films can be obtained from spectroscopic techniques based on photons, but these usually have poor lateral resolution. When information with nanometer resolution in the three dimensions is needed, for example for surfaces showing heterogeneity in water affinity at the nanoscale, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is the preferred tool since it can provide such resolution while being operated in ambient conditions. A complication in the interpretation of the data arises when using AFM, however, since, in most cases, direct interaction between a solid probe and a solid surface occurs. This induces strong perturbations of the liquid by the probe that should be controlled or avoided. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of different AFM methods developed to overcome this problem, measuring different interactions between the AFM probe and the water films, and to discuss the type of information about the water film that can be obtained from these interactions.

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“…Substrate‐induced molecular rearrangement of fluids in nanocapillaries has been under study for many decades . In retrospect, computer simulations including potential energy landscape (PEL) and density functional theory (DFT) techniques along with experimental evidence from XAS and AFM have proved the existence of nonordinary water clusters upon fine entrapment . GLCs with thicknesses well below 100 nm are inherently confining their liquid content closely, allowing nanocapillaries to be examined inside TEMs.…”

Section: Future Glc Research Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Graphene‐Based Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy: Working Principles, Opportunities, and Challenges

2019

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Imaging materials and biological structures in a liquid environment pose a significant challenge for conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) due to stringent requirement of ultrahigh vacuum design in the microscope column. The most recent liquid‐cell TEM technique, graphene liquid‐cell (GLC) microscopy, employs only layers of graphene to encapsulate liquid specimens. Recent efforts with GLC–TEM have demonstrated superior imaging resolution of beam‐sensitive specimens. Herein, the parameters that affect the quality of GLC analysis, including the graphene transfer onto TEM grids, are reviewed. Several important factors that affect the in situ TEM imaging of specimens, including the variations in GLC geometries and capillary pressure are discussed. The interaction between the electron beam and the liquid along with the possibility for artifacts or the formation of radical ions is also highlighted in this review. The scientific discoveries enabled by GLC–TEM in the areas of nucleation and growth of crystals, corrosion, battery science, as well as high‐resolution imaging of organelles and proteins are also briefly discussed. Finally, possible future research directions of GLC–TEM and the associated challenges are discussed. The synergistic effort to accomplish the proposed research directions has the potential to yield new discoveries in both materials and life sciences.

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Communication: Growing room temperature ice with graphene

Cited by 24 publications

References 34 publications

Routes to rupture and folding of graphene on rough 6H-SiC(0001) and their identification

Routes to rupture and folding of graphene on rough 6H-SiC(0001) and their identification

Imaging Water Thin Films in Ambient Conditions Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Advances in Graphene‐Based Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy: Working Principles, Opportunities, and Challenges

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