“…Investigations of CA have been conducted in the development, causes, consequences, and treatments of CA (see Daly, McCroskey, Ayres, Hopf & Ayres, 1997). Further, a number of cross-cultural studies of CA have been conducted in several countries (e.g., Hackman & Barthel-Hackman, 1993;Keaten, Lynne, & Pribyl, 1997;Klopf & Cambra, 1979;Olaniran & Roach, 1994;Watson, Monroe, & Atterstrom, 1989). However, most of the research focused on comparing levels of CA between two nations or cultures.…”