Communicating and Monitoring Surveillance and Response Activities for Malaria Elimination: China's “1-3-7” Strategy

Liu

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

et al. 2016

Abstract. The surveillance and response system remains one of the biggest challenges to malaria elimination along the China-Myanmar border. In China, "1-3-7" approach was developed to guide elimination activities according to the National Malaria Elimination Program, which is a simplified set of targets that delineates responsibilities and actions. The time frame of the approach has been incorporated into the nationwide web-based disease reporting system: 1, case reporting within 1 day after diagnosis; 3, case investigation within 3 days; and 7, focus investigation and action within 7 days. Herein, the data on malaria cases in 2005-2014 and after the "1-3-7" implementation in 2013-2014 of the 18 counties at the China-Myanmar border are reviewed and analyzed. Results showed that the total cases decreased while the proportion of imported cases rose. The "1-3-7" was well executed, except for the "3" indicator, which was 96.3% accomplished on average in the 18 border counties, but needs to be further strengthened. More efforts are highlighted for timely and accurate case detection as well as proactive mapping of disease transmission hot spots to facilitate the elimination of border malaria.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Malaria Elimination: Monitoring and Evaluation of the “1-3-7” Approach at the China–Myanmar Border

Liu

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

et al. 2016

“…China has had success in reducing the morbidity and mortality of malaria to low levels through continuous and large-scale interventions (2). Despite the large decreases in local cases, imported malaria has been a great challenge to public health due to frequent exchanges worldwide.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Antimalarial Resistance Marker Polymorphism in Returned Migrant Workers in China

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

et al. 2015

bImported malaria has been a great challenge for public health in China due to decreased locally transmitted cases and frequent exchange worldwide. Plasmodium falciparum has been mainly responsible for the increasing impact. Currently, artesunate plus amodiaquine, one of the artemisinin combination therapies recommended by the World Health Organization, has been mainly used against uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in China. However, drug resistance marker polymorphism in returning migrant workers has not been demonstrated. Here, we have evaluated the prevalence of pfmdr1 and pfcrt polymorphisms, as well as the K13 propeller gene, a molecular marker of artemisinin resistance, in migrant workers returned from Ghana to Shanglin County, Guangxi Province, China, in 2013. A total of 118 blood samples were randomly selected and used for the assay. Mutations of the pfmdr1 gene that covered codons 86, 184, 1034, and 1246 were found in 11 isolates. Mutations at codon N86Y (9.7%) were more frequent than at others, and Y 86 Y 184 S 1034 D 1246 was the most prevalent (63.6%) of the four haplotypes. Mutations of the pfcrt gene that covered codons 74, 75, and 76 were observed in 17 isolates, and M 74 N 75 T 76 was common (70.6%) in three haplotypes. Eight different genotypes of the K13 propeller were first observed in 10 samples in China, 2 synonymous mutations (V487V and A627A) and 6 nonsynonymous mutations. C580Y was the most prevalent (2.7%) in all the samples. The data presented might be helpful for enrichment of molecular surveillance of antimalarial resistance and will be useful for developing and updating antimalarial guidance in China.

“…To achieve elimination and prevent resurgence, surveillance systems must be able to effectively interrupt transmission by detecting all possible malaria infections in the area in a timely manner (2 ). In low-endemic areas, the most widely adopted approach of surveillance is a strategy of targeted active case detection, whereby either all high-risk individuals in a community ("hotpops"), or household members, neighbors, and other contacts of passively detected cases ("hotspots"), are screened for infection and treated with rapid-response measures, including radical treatment and targeted vector control (3,4 ).…”

confidence: 99%

“…Positive samples will be identified within 2-3 days, and an additional day may be used for species identification by use of standard qPCR. The results are quickly fed back to the local and state monitoring agencies via networked rapid communications, followed by rapid response measures such as targeted mass drug administration (3,4 ) to prevent any onward transmission. The targeted total turnaround time can be less than a week.…”

Section: Fig 2 Analytical Performance Of Clip-pcrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capture and Ligation Probe-PCR (CLIP-PCR) for Molecular Screening, with Application to Active Malaria Surveillance for Elimination

et al. 2015