Common snook fed in alternate and continuous regimens with diet supplemented with Bacillus subtilis probiotic

Abstract

-The objective of this work was to evaluate the addition of Bacillus subtilis probiotic to the feed of common snook (Centropomus undecimalis) fingerlings, in alternate and continuous regimens. Six hundred and sixty fish, with average length of 5.90±0.88 cm and weight of 1.92±0.28 g, were stocked in 12 cages of 1.0 m 3 , with 55 fish each. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three treatments and four replicates. The treatments consisted of diet with the addition of probiotic, provided in alternate regimen for 7 days and in continuous regimen; besides a control without probiotic in the feed. Zootechnical performance, body composition, immune response, and blood parameters were evaluated. No significant differences were observed in zootechnical performance indexes and in body composition of fish treated with probiotic, when compared to the control. Fish from the alternate regimen showed an increment in respiratory burst and a lower total erythrocyte count than fish from the continuous regimen and the control. Fish from the continuous regimen did not differ from those of the control. The addition of Bacillus subtilis does not increase growth rates of common snook fingerlings; however, it has an immunostimulant action when supplied in alternate regimen.Index terms: Bacillus subtilis, Centropomus undecimalis, hematology, immunostimulant, marine aquaculture, respiratory burst. Robalo-flecha alimentado em regimes alternado e contínuo com dieta suplementada com o probiótico Bacillus subtilisResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a adição de Bacillus subtilis, como probiótico, na ração de juvenis de robalo-flecha (Centropomus undecimalis), em regimes de alimentação alternado e contínuo. Foram estocados 660 peixes com comprimento médio de 5,90±0,88 cm e peso médio de 1,92±0,28 g, em 12 tanques-rede de 1,0 m 3 , com 55 peixes cada um. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de ração adicionada de probiótico, fornecida em regime alternado de 7 dias e em regime contínuo; além de controle sem probiótico na ração. Avaliaramse: desempenho zootécnico, composição corporal, resposta imune e parâmetros hematológicos. Não houve diferença significativa nos índices zootécnicos e na composição corporal dos peixes tratados com probiótico, em comparação ao controle. Os peixes do regime alternado apresentaram incremento na explosão respiratória e menor contagem total de eritrócitos do que os do regime contínuo e do controle. Os peixes do regime contínuo não diferiram dos do controle. A adição de Bacillus subtilis não promove o crescimento de juvenis de rebalo-peva; no entanto, tem ação imunoestimulante quando fornecido em regime alternado.Termos para indexação: Bacillus subtilis, Centropomus undecimalis, hematologia, imunoestimulante, piscicultura marinha, explosão respiratória.

Alimento balanceado comercial de langostino permite un buen crecimiento, supervivencia e inmunidad de robalo (Centropomus spp.)

“…Los robalos alimentados con alimento balanceado de langostino lograron un mayor crecimiento tanto en peso como en longitud total, así como en ganancia en peso y en tasa específica de crecimiento lo que puede justificarse debido a que el alimento balanceado de langostino fue mucho más rico en proteína (28%) que los otros alimentos ensayados que fueron la pipona, cuyo nivel proteico en base fresca ha sido establecido en 14,59 ± 0,62% (Ibrahim, 2010), así como el manto de la pota que tiene un nivel proteico de 14,3 ± 0,6% en base fresca (Cortés-Ruiz et al, 2008). La tasa específica de crecimiento en los tres alimentos (entre 0,78 a 0,97%/d) fue superior a la reportada por Liebl (2013), quien usando alimento balanceado con 50% de proteína obtuvo tasas entre 0,19 y 0,30%/d en robalos (C. parallelus y C. undecimalis), así como a las reportadas por Noffs et al (2015), quienes utilizando alimento balanceado con 45% de proteína para alimentar robalos solo obtuvieron tasas entre 0,63 a 0,78%/d, sin embargo fue inferior a las tasas reportadas por Herrera et al (2019), quienes emplearon un alimento balanceado con 41,8% de proteína, y obtuvieron tasas entre 1,69 y 2,22%/d, aunque estas tasas más altas pueden justificarse debido a que estos últimos autores evaluaron el efecto de altas frecuencias de alimentación (entre 6 a 18 veces al día) en el crecimiento de robalo, por lo que obtuvieron mayores tasas de crecimiento por la mayor frecuencia de alimentación. Sin embargo, se ha encontrado que al alimentar a los robalos con alimento balanceado de langostino con 28% de proteína se ha logrado obtener crecimientos superiores a los logrados con otros tipos de alimentos balanceados con mayores niveles de proteína.…”

“…Tasa de crecimiento específico (%/d) ---0,91 0,78 0,97 0,19 y 0,30 (Liebl, 2013) Alimento balanceado con 50% de proteína en: C. parallelus y C. undecimalis 0,63 a 0,78 (Noffs et al, 2015) Alimento balanceado con 45% de proteína 1,69 y 2,22 (Herrera et al, 2019) Alimento balanceado con 41,8% de proteína, en altas frecuencias Factor de condición ---0,88 1,33 0,85 0,75 y 0,92 (Liebl, 2013) Alimento balanceado con 50% de proteína, en las especies: C. parallelus y C. undecimalis Supervivencia (%) ---75 100 85 96,7 a 100 (Arenas et al, 2021;Oliveira et al 2019;y Herrera et al, 2019) Diversas especies de Centropomus Eritrocitos (10 6 cél/ml) 3,108 4,345 3,331 1,945 2,2 a 2,9 (Barbosa et al, 2011) Centropomus parallelus en cultivo 2,3 a 2,7 (Seriani et al, 2013) Centropomus parallelus silvestres 0,81 a 3,73 (Fazio, 2019) Diferentes especies de peces silvestres y de cultivo Hematocrito (%) 32,0 35,0 18,5 13,5…”

Bacterial Isolated from <em>Oreochromis niloticus</em> and Possible Use as Probiotic

“…In this work, no significant differences were found in the lysozyme and respiratory burst activity, perhaps because the immunological analyzes (respiratory burst and lysozyme) were performed at the end of the experiment (after 81 days of probiotic administration), which could be the difference detected at the beginning of experiment. For common snook (Centropomus undecimalis) fed a diet supplemented with Bacillus subtilis, in an alternating regime of seven days, showed a better response in the respiratory burst, which indicates that the time of probiotic administration interferes on animal's immune system [50]. These authors established the time of seven days based on a previous study, carried out with sea bass fingerlings, fed with ration supplemented with B. subtilis, after seven days, the fish showed a better respiratory burst response and after another seven days, there was a reduced response.…”

Economic feasibility of probiotic use in the diet of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, during the reproductive period

“…The positive effects of probiotic administration on reproductive performance may be related to the availability of key nutrients, such as fatty acids and amino acids that are important components in oocyte formation and maturation (as well as embryo development and fry growth) and may modulate the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism (Carnevali, Maradonna, & Gioacchini, 2017;Dias et al, 2012a;Rodiles et al, 2018). The pulsed probiotic feeding strategy consisted to supply probiotics (oral via) in alternate periods (seven days) which may provide better effects on immune system modulation such as increased respiratory burst activity in the presence of microbial pathogen (Noffs, Tachibana, Santos, & Ranzani-Paiva, 2015). The cycling short feeding with probiotics may avoid over immune stimulation and maintain the level of protection against bacterial infection (Merrifield, Bradley, Baker, & Davies, 2010).…”