Common questions in veterinary toxicology

Bates, Nicola; Rawson-Harris, P.; Edwards, John N.

doi:10.1111/jsap.12343

Cited by 34 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Fomepizole and ethanol are antidotes (although fomepizole is not available in the UK) and work through competitive inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase, preventing the metabolism of ethylene glycol to its toxic metabolites. Unfortunately, the prognosis for patients is very poor once azotaemia has developed, which is commonly when they present, and at this point antidote therapy is not useful (Bates and others 2015).…”

Section: Specific Renal Toxicantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supporting the intoxicated patient: toxicants affecting the haematological and renal systems

Humm¹,

Tinson²

2020

In Practice

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Background: Many potentially toxic substances are carried by the circulatory system and excreted through the kidneys; therefore, the haematological and renal systems are particularly at risk of damage by a variety of toxicants. Treating affected patients requires a combination of supportive care and specific therapy.Aim of the article: This article is the third in a series of four. It discusses specific toxicants that affect the haematological and renal systems and outlines principles for managing patients presenting with the consequences of intoxication.

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Section: Specific Renal Toxicantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supporting the intoxicated patient: toxicants affecting the haematological and renal systems

Humm¹,

Tinson²

2020

In Practice

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“…According to the ASPCA APCC data, mild clinical signs appear in dogs after ingesting 20 mg/kg of theobromine and caffeine, while severe clinical signs are observed at 40–50 mg/kg and seizures occur at 60 mg/kg ( 4 ). Dogs with CYP1A2 deficiency polymorphism 1117C > T may be more at risk of poisoning due to reduced metabolism ( 64 , 65 ). In dogs, caffeine is absorbed rapidly after ingestion while theobromine is absorbed 10 times slower, reaching peak plasma levels at approximately 10 h ( 50 ).…”

Section: Methylxanthines (Caffeine Theobromine and Theophylline)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Household Food Items Toxic to Dogs and Cats

Cortinovis

Caloni

2016

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Several foods that are perfectly suitable for human consumption can be toxic to dogs and cats. Food-associated poisoning cases involving the accidental ingestion of chocolate and chocolate-based products, Allium spp. (onion, garlic, leek, and chives), macadamia nuts, Vitis vinifera fruits (grapes, raisins, sultanas, and currants), products sweetened with xylitol, alcoholic beverages, and unbaked bread dough have been reported worldwide in the last decade. The poisoning episodes are generally due to lack of public knowledge of the serious health threat to dogs and cats that can be posed by these products. The present review aims to outline the current knowledge of common food items frequently involved in the poisoning of small animals, particularly dogs, and provides an overview of poisoning episodes reported in the literature.

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“…The calculated value for dogs following the default parameters would be 940 mg/kg feed. However, there are a number of well reported case studies indicating acute toxicity for some dogs consuming grapes or raisins at exposures relevant to the use of grape extracts (Eubig et al, 2005;Son-II, 2013;Bates et al, 2015).…”

Section: Safety For the Target Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and efficacy of dry grape extract when used as a feed flavouring for all animal species and categories

2016

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of dry grape extract when used as feed flavouring for all animal species and categories. The additive under assessment (dry grape extract) is a mixture of two extracts from seeds and skin of Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera. Flavouring preparations produced from food, such as extracts of grapes, can be used in and on food without specific authorisation. The FEEDAP Panel concludes that the additive dry grape extract is safe at the maximum proposed use level (100 mg/kg complete feed) for all animal species except dogs, for which no safe dietary concentration could be established. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of the dry grape extract up to the highest safe level in feeds. The grape seed extract tested are irritating to skin and eyes. However, the extent to which these observations would also apply to the behaviour of the complete additive containing grape skin extracts in addition is unknown. In the absence of data, it is not possible to conclude on the potential of the additive to be skin or respiratory sensitiser. The use of dry grape extract at the maximum proposed dose is not considered to be a risk for the environment. Since the major component of the additive, the proanthocyanidin-rich seed extract, is recognised to provide flavour in food and its function in feed would be essentially the same, no demonstration of efficacy is considered necessary.

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Common questions in veterinary toxicology

Cited by 34 publications

References 71 publications

Supporting the intoxicated patient: toxicants affecting the haematological and renal systems

Supporting the intoxicated patient: toxicants affecting the haematological and renal systems

Household Food Items Toxic to Dogs and Cats

Safety and efficacy of dry grape extract when used as a feed flavouring for all animal species and categories

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