Permethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide used in dermally applied spot-on flea treatments for dogs. Permethrin-based spot-on preparations are contraindicated in cats because of the high risk of toxicosis. The Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS) is a 24-h access telephone service that provides veterinary professionals in the United Kingdom with information on the management of poisoned animals. In a review of 286 cases reported to the VPIS regarding inappropriate feline exposure to permethrin spot-on (PSO) preparations, 96.9% were symptomatic. Increased muscular activity (as evidenced by twitching, tremor, muscle fasciculations or convulsions) was common and occurred in 87.8% of cases. The duration of increased muscle activity was long, with convulsions lasting on average 38.9 h and tremors 32 h. Recovery typically occurred within 2 to 3 days but in some cases took 5 to 7 days. Death occurred in 10.5% of cases.
INGESTION of the fruits of Vitis vinifera (grapes, raisins, currants and sultanas) causes acute renal failure in dogs. The mechanism of toxicity is currently unknown, although hypotheses include tannin intolerance in dogs (Singleton 2001), the contamination of the fruits with mycotoxins, pesticides or heavy metals (Gwaltney-Brant and others 2001), sugar overload leading to shock (Singleton 2001), idiosyncratic reactions due to enzymatic differences (Mazzaferro and others 2004) or ingestion of excess vitamin D (Gwaltney-Brant and others 2001). The quantity of fruit that is harmful to dogs is also unknown. This short communication describes factors that influenced the clinical course and outcome of 169 cases of Vitis intoxication in dogs reported to the Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS), London. The VPIS is a 24-hour emergency telephone service that advises veterinary professionals in the UK on the management of actual or suspected animal poisonings. For each inquiry, details of the exposure and the clinical history are recorded on the VPIS database. Postal questionnaires are sent to approximately 55 per cent of inquirers to gather additional information and data on the outcome. One hundred and eighty reports of ingestion of Vitis fruits by dogs were identified in the VPIS database, recorded between August 1994 and September 2007. A variety of fruits had been ingested, including raisins (69 cases), grapes (four cases involving red grapes, three including white grapes and 56 of unknown type), sultanas (21 cases), currants (one case) and unspecified or mixed dried fruits (23 cases). The fruits were ingested raw or in the form of fruit cakes, mince pies, chocolate bars, malt loaf, scones and snack bars. The quantities ingested varied from two grapes to 2 kg of grapes. Of the 180 cases, the outcome was unknown in 11 cases, 101 dogs remained asymptomatic and 68 developed clinical signs. Of the 68 clinically affected dogs, 50 made a full recovery, one had ongoing effects at the time of follow-up, 13 died and four were euthanased; two of these were euthanased for reasons other than grape toxicity, and they were excluded from further analysis. Common clinical effects included vomiting, diarrhoea, lethargy, depression and acute renal failure. Signs of renal insufficiency or failure (oliguria, anuria, polydipsia, proteinuria, elevated serum concentrations of creatinine and urea) occurred in four of the 50 dogs that subsequently made a full recovery and 13 of the 15 dogs that died or
Intravenous administration of lipid is a relatively new treatment in the management of toxicity from lipophilic compounds. It is used in human medicine in the treatment of toxicity from lipophilic local anaesthetics and cardiotoxic drugs and can result in dramatic improvement in clinical status. We present six cases of poisoning in dogs successfully treated with lipid infusion after ingestion of ivermectin (3), moxidectin (2) and baclofen (1). The dogs ranged in age from eight weeks to 14 years, and weighed 4-30 kg. Intravenous lipid therapy was started between six and eight hours and 22 hours after ingestion, and all the dogs responded well. In four dogs, there was clinical improvement within one hour; one had improved within two hours and the other within 4.5 hours of lipid administration. The only adverse effect of lipid infusion reported was mild swelling and pain after extravasation in one case which resolved with conservative management. All the dogs were discharged within 24-52 hours after exposure (7-46 hours after the start of lipid administration), and none developed any apparent sequelae.
This retrospective study examined cases with follow-up reported to the Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS) between September 1985 and December 2010. Most bites (69.2 per cent) occurred between April and July, particularly between 15:00 and 16:00 hours. Adder bites were more frequently reported in the south-east of England, particularly in Surrey. Swelling to the face and limbs was common, as was lethargy, depression, hyperthermia and tachycardia. About two-thirds of dogs developed both systemic and local effects, while a third developed local effects alone. Initial clinical effects usually occurred within two hours, with full recovery typically occurring five days after the bite. Antivenom was used in 55.9 per cent of cases and appeared to significantly reduce duration of oedema from an average of 94 to 47 hours. Adder bites can cause significant morbidity (97 per cent of dogs were symptomatic), but mortality is low (4.6 per cent died).
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