Common oral opportunistic infections in Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Changing epidemiology; diagnostic criteria and methods; management protocols

Abstract

There were 36.9 million in the world living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as of 2017, and new infections have seen a reduction by 18% since 2010. But this rate of decline is not sufficient for the goal of eradication of AIDS by 2030. Only 21.7 million people infected with HIV have accesses to antiretroviral therapy, with the rest at risk of the potential complications of HIV infection. It has been shown that oral lesions are diagnostic and prognostic of HIV infection, and many oral opportunistic infections continue to be a major problem, particularly in developing countries. It is therefore important that dental surgeons be aware and updated to recognize and manage the oral effects of HIV infection/AIDS. This chapter describes the classification, diagnosis, and management of oral lesions in these patients, based on our current understanding of the infection. This review also discusses the standardization of diagnosis of oral lesions in HIV infection/AIDS patients, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome case definition, and the research priorities formulated at the 7th World Workshop on Oral Health and Disease in AIDS.

Lymphopenia Caused by Virus Infections and the Mechanisms Beyond

“…Patients with immunosuppressive conditions are prone to have opportunistic infection, which could be either severe or more frequent. Opportunistic infection is a significant feature during the HIV infection, which could result in high morbidity and even mortality [ 180 , 181 ]. Lymphopenia is likely to delay viral clearance, in favor of macrophage stimulation and the accompanying “cytokine storm”, which results in the dysfunction of host organs [ 14 , 182 ].…”

Covid-19 Pandemic: What Changes for Dentists and Oral Medicine Experts? A Narrative Review and Novel Approaches to Infection Containment

“…It can be transmitted like HBV (sexual intercourse, blood borne and perinatal ways) [91,92]. Moreover, this infection have oral manifestations that can help in diagnosis: e.g., oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, oral necrotising ulcerative gingivitis and oral Kaposi's sarcoma [10,[93][94][95][96]. • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is part of the herpes virus family and can cause diseases with several manifestations [97].…”

Nonneoplastic diseases and disorders of the oral mucosa: A contemporary overview

“…A comprehensive review on common oral opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS is given in the chapter by Ranganathan and Umadevi . This emphasizes the changing epidemiology of HIV/AIDS around the world and discusses diagnostic criteria and management protocols.…”

“…However, oral lesions occurring in an HIV infected individual are still key diagnostic and prognostic indicators. Ranganathan and Umadevi in their review discuss the importance of well‐designed longitudinal studies to ascertain how the occurrence of oral lesions could be used in the management of HIV infection. Oral aspects of HIV/AIDS have been addressed in a series of World Workshops (WW) since 1988.…”