Common Multiple Primary Cancers Associated With Breast and Gynecologic Cancers and Their Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prognosis: A Review

Abstract

The mammary gland is closely related to the female reproductive system in many aspects, affecting the whole gynecological system. Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in women and associated with considerable negative effects. Due to various factors including co-pathogenic genetic mutations, environment factors, lifestyle, behavioral factors, treatment regimens and in-creased survival of patients with BC, there is an increased probability of developing additional primary gynecologic cancers such as ovarian cancer (OC), endometrial cancer (EC), and cervical cancer (CC). More and more studies have been conducted in recent years. Multiple primary cancers (MPCs), also known as multiple primary malignancies, refers to two or more different primary cancers in the same patient occurring in the same or different organs or tissues. The pathogenesis of multiple primary cancers is complex and has a negative effect on the prognosis and survival of patients. This review discusses the common types of BC-associated MPCs, namely, BC associated with OC, BC associated with EC and BC associated with CC, as well as risk factors, pathogenesis, treatment, and prognosis of MPCs associated with breast and gynecologic cancers. It provides new intervention and treatment ideas for patients with BC-associated MPCs to improve quality of life and prognosis.

Advances in the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity-Driven Effects in Breast Cancers

“…Obesity is associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates for many (263) Physical activity (263) Physical activity (263) Medications for obesity (264) Medications for obesity (264) Bariatric surgery (265) chronic diseases, including BC. The incidence of obesity has been increasing in the aging population (283)(284)(285)(286). Excessive adipose tissues and adipocyte hypertrophy were associated with higher levels of local estrogen and chronic inflammation, the factors responsible for BC development and progression in postmenopausal women.…”

Nőgyógyászati daganatok esetén jelentkező szinkrón tumorok együlésben való ellátása három eset kapcsán

“…Szakirodalmi adatok alapján a kaukázusi népcsoportban gyakoribbak a szinkrón és metakrón tumorok, a kezelésről azonban csupán esetismertetéseket közölnek, amelyek csak korlátozott mértékben irányadók, egyénre szabott terápia szükséges [1,2]. Egyértelmű iránymutatás nem áll rendelkezésre, bár a molekuláris vizsgálatok a többszörös daganatok kialakulásának, prognózisának megértésében előretörést hozhatnak [11][12][13]. Irodalmi adatok alapján az endometrium-adenocarcinomák melletti második daganat gyakran emlő-, méhnyak-, petefészek-vagy vastagbéldaganat [14,15].…”

Immunological Landscape of HER-2 Positive Breast Cancer

“…Soberino et al ( 2019) described the influence and prognostic value of TILs infiltrating in the (neo)adjuvant and advanced HER2+ disease (Table 1) [4]. The interaction between these and the diverse cell population within the TME influences tumour resistance, progression, and metastasis [11][12][13].…”