Commercialization of Lithium Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles

Abstract

The currently commercialized lithium-ion batteries have allowed for the creation of practical electric vehicles, simultaneously satisfying many stringent milestones in energy density, lifetime, safety, power, and cost requirements of the electric vehicle economy. The next wave of consumer electric vehicles is just around the corner. Although widely adopted in the vehicle market, lithium-ion batteries still require further development to sustain their dominating roles among competitors. In this review, the authors survey the state-of-the-art active electrode materials and cell chemistries for automotive batteries. The performance, production, and cost are included. The advances and challenges in the lithium-ion battery economy from the material design to the cell and the battery packs fitting the rapid developing automotive market are discussed in detail. Also, new technologies of promising This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.2 battery chemistries are comprehensively evaluated for their potential to satisfy the targets of future electric vehicles.

A Sustainable Solid Electrolyte Interphase for High‐Energy‐Density Lithium Metal Batteries Under Practical Conditions

“…[3,4] Forp ractical Li metal batteries with as pecific energy of more than 300 Wh kg À1 at cell level with Ni-rich NCM cathode,p ractical conditions including ultrathin Li anode (< 50 mm), high loading cathode (> 4mAh cm À2 ,i .e., high cycling capacity of Li per cycle), and lean electrolytes (< 3gAh À1 )a re necessary. [5,6] However, mild conditions, including thick Li anode (> 200 mm), low loading cathode (< 1mAh cm À2 ), and flooded electrolytes (> 30 gAh À1 ), are currently employed, which contributes to fundamental understanding and the pioneer design of SEI on Li metal anode (Figure 1a). [4,7] Compared with the stable SEI on graphite anode during thousands of cycles,the SEI on Li metal anode crumbles easily due to Li dendrites,w hich is severely aggravated under practical conditions.…”

A Site‐Selective Doping Strategy of Carbon Anodes with Remarkable K‐Ion Storage Capacity

“…Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have been playing an increasingly significant role in hand-held electronics, electric vehicles, and electrical energy storage since 1991. [1][2][3] Considering the limited lithium supplies present in the earth crust (20 ppm), and the growing need for large-scale renewable energy storage, [4] there is a desire to develop alternative rechargeable battery chemistries based on more earth-abundant elements, such as sodium (earth abundance 23 000 ppm), [5] and potassium (earth abundance 17 000 ppm). [4,6] The past decade has witnessed the rapid development in sodium-ion battery (SIB) research, [7][8][9][10] whereas the potassium-ion battery (PIB) remains much less explored.…”

Structure Design and Composition Engineering of Carbon‐Based Nanomaterials for Lithium Energy Storage

“…Currently, lithium‐based batteries (LBs) represent one of the most promising energy storage devices due to their high theoretical capacity (3860 mAh g −1 with a lithium metal electrode,) and low negative electrochemical of rechargeable potential (−3.04 V vs the standard hydrogen electrode) . LBs including lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), lithium–sulfur batteries (Li–S batteries), and lithium–oxygen batteries (Li–O 2 batteries) are truly revolutionizing our daily life.…”

“…">IntroductionCurrently, lithium-based batteries (LBs) represent one of the most promising energy storage devices due to their high theoretical capacity (3860 mAh g −1 with a lithium metal electrode,) and low negative electrochemical of rechargeable potential (−3.04 V vs the standard hydrogen electrode). [1,2] LBs including lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), lithium-sulfur batteries (Li-S batteries), and lithium-oxygen batteries (Li-O 2 batteries) are truly revolutionizing our daily life. However, there are at least three major obstacles before LBs continue this revolution: 1) Poor durability caused by the uneven and dendritic lithium deposition, decomposition of unstable solid electrolyte, and uncontrollable expansion of electrodes during charge/discharge processes; [3] 2) Slow interface charge-transfer kinetics arise from the uncontrollable reaction of Li + conductors with electrode materials.…”