Commentary on “Three Years Clinical Experience With Intestinal Transplantation” and the Nutritional Implications

Abstract

Background: After the successful evolution of hepatic transplantation during the last decade, small bowel and multivisceral transplantation remains the sole elusive achievement for the next era of transplant surgeons. Until recently, and for the last thirty years, the results of the sporadic attempts of intestinal transplantation worldwide were discouraging because of unsatisfactory graft and patient survival. The experimental and clinical demonstration of the superior therapeutic efficacy of FK 506, a new immunosuppressive drug, ushered in the current era of small bowel and multivisceral transplantation with initial promising results.Study Design: Forty-three consecutive patients with short bowel syndrome, intestinal insufficiency, or malignant tumors with or without associated liver disease, were given intestinal (n ϭ 15), hepatic and intestinal (n ϭ 21), or multivisceral allografts that contained four or more organs (n ϭ 7). Treatment was with FK 506-based immunosuppression. The ascending and right transverse colon was included with the small intestine in 13 of the 43 grafts, almost evenly distributed between the three groups.Results: After 6 to 39 months, 30 of the 43 patients are alive, 29 bearing grafts. The most rapid convalescence and resumption of diet, and the highest three-month patient survival (100%) and graft survival (88%) were with the isolated intestinal procedure. However, this advantage was slowly eroded during the first two postoperative years, in part because the isolated intestine was more prone to rejection. By the end of this time, the best survival rate (86%) was with the multivisceral procedure. With all three operations, most of the patients were able to resume diet and discontinue parenteral alimentation, and in the best instances, the quality of life approached normal. However, the surveillance and intensity of care required for these patients for the first year, and in most instances thereafter, was very high, being far more than required for patients having transplants of the liver, kidney, or heart.

Chitosan-based scaffolds for the support of smooth muscle constructs in intestinal tissue engineering

“…This can lead to malabsorption and malnutrition eventually resulting in high mortality and morbidity rates in children and in adults [1–3]. Intestinal transplantation is a common treatment but its limitation resides in the high incidence of rejection, availability of donor organs and the size of the donor graft [4–6]. Hence, there is a clinical demand for generating physiologically functional intestinal replacement.…”

Tissue Engineering of Small IntestineCurrent Status

“…10 However, another study on 43 patients who received intestinal transplantation showed better long-term results in those who had intestinal and multivisceral transplantation rather than intestinal transplantation alone. 11 Many patients die while waiting for the intestinal transplant. Another problem is the size of the donor.…”

“…Overall worldwide survival for isolated small bowel transplantation is around 50% at 5 years and for combined small bowel and liver transplantation 40% . However, another study on 43 patients who received intestinal transplantation showed better long-term results in those who had intestinal and multivisceral transplantation rather than intestinal transplantation alone …”