Comment on “Visual layout modulates Fitts’s law: The importance of first and last positions”

Hoffmann, Errol R.; Drury, Colin G.

doi:10.3758/s13423-011-0183-9

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…In fact, as Dekker (ibid.) and Hoffman et al [17] show, there are likely many yet unrealize d benefits to be gaine d by moving a way from this implied paradigm.…”

Section: Machines Have An Ontologically Limited Sensitivity To Meaninmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a Technical Basis and Guidance for Advanced SMR Function Allocation

Hugo¹,

Gertman²,

Joe³

et al. 2013

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYT his report presents the results from three key activities for FY2013 that are helping to determine the definition of new concepts of operations for advanced Small Modular Reactors (Adv SMR): a) the development of a framework for the analysis of the functional, environmental, and structural attributes of Adv SM Rs, b) the effect that new technologies and operational concepts would have on the way functions are allocated to humans or machines or combinations of the two, and c) the relationship between new concepts of operations, new function allocations, and human performance requirements.A previous report described some of the principles involved in how Adv SM Rs will use advanced digital instrumentation and control systems, and make greater use of automation. T hese advances not only pose technical and operational challenges, but will undo ubtedly have an effect on the operating and maintenance cost of new plants. It is generally assumed that automation would be the most likely way to reduce the impact of labor on operating and maintenance cost. Howe ver, the effect of automation and other advanced technology on staffing requirements and safety standards has raised many questions and very little research has been conducted to date.For example, the impact of AdvSMR designs on operational and regulatory considerations, such as workload, situation awareness, h uman reliability, staffing levels, and the appropriate allocation of functions between the crew and various plant systems that are likely to be highly automated is largely uncertain and will remain uncertain until empirical research data become available to support the development of sound technical bases. Experience with Adv SM Rs o utside of the US Navy is limited to a very few predecessor plants. In addition, existing human factors and systems engineering design standards are not current in terms of human interaction basics for automated sy stems, and there is a lack of good functional allocation and staffing models that take into account static or dynamic allocation.Given these uncertainties and other issues, it is necessary to develop new Concepts of Operations models as well as new mo dels of function allocation and human performance requirements. T his report explains the relationship between these three requirements and how old paradigm s and methodologies are no longer suitable for the analysis of evolving concepts. The report further explains how the development of new models and guidance for Concepts of Operations need to adopt a state-of-the-art approach such as Work Domain Analysis (WDA). T he primary goal of this methodology is to identify and evaluate specific human factors challenges related to non -traditional concepts of operations, and the associated changes in the allocation of functions to human and system agents. This includes developing a framework for the analysis of Adv SM R functions, structures and systems using the WDA methodology, as well as the development of functional allocation principles as one of the prima...

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“…In fact, as Dekker (ibid.) and Hoffman et al [17] show, there are likely many yet unrealize d benefits to be gaine d by moving a way from this implied paradigm.…”

Section: Machines Have An Ontologically Limited Sensitivity To Meaninmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hoffman and Drury (2002 [17]) furthered this idea by re-casting Fitts' List to show their more complementary nature.…”

Section: Principle 1: Fa Needs To Capitalize On the Fact That Hum Ansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Technical Basis and Guidance for Advanced SMR Function Allocation

Hugo¹,

Gertman²,

Joe³

et al. 2013

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“…Error rate models have practical applications in designing text entry devices and video games [37]. Hoffmann and Drury adjust the target width W by considering the width of the target, its proximity to another target and the width of the finger [38]. They show that in the case that two keys are adjacent to each other and the width of the finger pad is larger than the clearance between the two keys, W can be replaced by "Available W " whose value is W avail = 2S − W − F , where W is the target size, F is the width of the finger pad on the device, and S is the target center spacing.…”

Section: Fitts' Model For 2d Motionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Large Open-Access Datasets for Fitts’ Law of Human Motion and a Succinct Derivation of the Square-Root Variant

Goldberg

Faridani

Alterovitz

2015

IEEE Trans. Human-Mach. Syst.

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Human motion models for reaching and pointing tasks are used by designers of software, cellphones, dashboards, cockpits, assembly lines and many other human interfaces. Fitts' Law specifies a logarithmic two-parameter relationship between motion duration and the ratio of target distance over target size. This paper presents two large open-access datasets from experimental user studies, first a controlled (in-lab) study that collected 16,170 trajectory time measurements from 46 participants, and second an uncontrolled (web-based) study that collected 78,410 trajectory time measurements from an uncertain number of participants who used a web-based java applet. Variants of Fitts' Law use square root and modified logarithmic functions; we present a succinct derivation of the square-root variant based on optimal control theory. Using root-mean-square error (RMSE), we compare three two-parameter models that relate motion duration to the ratio of target distance over target size: LOG (Fitts' original logarithmic function), SQR (squareroot), and LOG' (McKenzie's logarithmic plus 1.0) [1]. We find:(1) the data from the controlled and uncontrolled studies are remarkably consistent; (2) for homogeneous targets (with fixed size and distance), the SQR model yields a significantly better fit than LOG or LOG', except with the most difficult targets (where the ratio of target distance over target size is large) where the models are not significantly different; and (3) for heterogeneous targets (with varying size and distance), SQR yields a significantly better fit than LOG for easy targets and LOG yields a significantly better fit for targets of medium difficulty, while the LOG' model yields a significantly better fit than both LOG and SQR on very difficult targets. The anonymized datasets of 94, 580 human reaching motion timing measurements are, to our knowledge, the largest collected to date

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Do preparation or control processes result in the modulation to Fitts’ law for movements to targets with placeholders?

et al. 2012

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It is remarkable that the movement time of a goal-directed movement, the result of complex coordination in the nervous system, can be predicted by a simple mathematical equation. That equation is Fitts' law, and it is one of only a few laws that capture human motor performance. It has recently been shown that reaches to targets with placeholders modulate Fitts' law (e.g. Adam et al. in Psychol Sci 17(9):794-798, 2006). The purpose of this study was to further test whether the modulation to Fitts' law is a result of processes related to movement preparation or movement execution. Preparation and control processes were isolated with trajectory analysis; specifically, the durations of the primary submovement and the secondary submovement were selected to reflect the preparation and control processes, respectively. The time available for movement preparation was also manipulated by precuing the target in some blocks. We found that the modulation to Fitts' law in total movement time with target placeholders occurred during the secondary submovement, suggesting that control processes were the locus of the modulation. However, extending the duration of preparation with a precue eliminated the modulation in total movement time, which suggests that preparation processes were the locus of the modulation. Based on these results, it is premature to isolate unequivocally the modulation to either preparation or control processes. The modulation to Fitts' law during the secondary submovement presents the possibility that facilitated online control may contribute to the modulation.

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Comment on “Visual layout modulates Fitts’s law: The importance of first and last positions”

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

Development of a Technical Basis and Guidance for Advanced SMR Function Allocation

Development of a Technical Basis and Guidance for Advanced SMR Function Allocation

Two Large Open-Access Datasets for Fitts’ Law of Human Motion and a Succinct Derivation of the Square-Root Variant

Do preparation or control processes result in the modulation to Fitts’ law for movements to targets with placeholders?

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