Commensal and Pathogenic Bacterial-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Host-Bacterial and Interbacterial Dialogues: Two Sides of the Same Coin

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) cause effective changes in various domains of life. These bioactive structures are essential to the bidirectional organ communication. Recently, increasing research attention has been paid to EVs derived from commensal and pathogenic bacteria in their potential role to affect human disease risk for cancers and a variety of metabolic, gastrointestinal, psychiatric, and mental disorders. The present review presents an overview of both the protective and harmful roles of commensal and pathogenic bacteria-derived EVs in host-bacterial and interbacterial interactions. Bacterial EVs could impact upon human health by regulating microbiota–host crosstalk intestinal homeostasis, even in distal organs. The importance of vesicles derived from bacteria has been also evaluated regarding epigenetic modifications and applications. Generally, the evaluation of bacterial EVs is important towards finding efficient strategies for the prevention and treatment of various human diseases and maintaining metabolic homeostasis.

Lactobacilli extracellular vesicles: potential postbiotics to support the vaginal microbiota homeostasis

“…Even if the molecular mechanism is not fully understood, since EVs cargo is composed of molecules from different cell compartments, we can’t exclude possible EVs-induced modifications on host pathways [ 44 ]. In this respect, a modification in membrane fluidity and/or gene expression in host cells could alter the rotational and lateral motion and/or expression of receptors affecting their availability for bacterial recognition [ 45 ].…”

Transforming native exosomes to engineered drug vehicles: A smart solution to modern cancer theranostics

“…Drugs having molecular weight less than 400 Da with maximum of 7 H-bonds can only pass through BBB via lipid-mediated diffusion. [72] Being nano-sized vesicle with high biocompatibility due to recognition of target sites by ) [35,36] Lipid-Anchored Outer Membrane Proteins Cellular prion protein, GPI-anchored proteins, Glypican-1, Ectonucleotidases CD73 and CD39, Complement-inhibiting proteins CD59 and CD55, Sperm receptor Juno, Hedgehog morphogens [37,38] Peripheral Surface Proteins Wingless, Evenness interrupted/ GPR177, transforming growth factor β, Tumor necrosis factor, Fas ligand, Cytokines, Fibronectin, Tenascin C, ECM1, MFGE8/lactadherin [39][40][41] Lipid-Anchored Inner Membrane Proteins Palmitoylated membrane proteins, GTPases (Rho, Rabs, Ras), Myristoylated signaling kinases Src, Activity-regulated cytoskeletal/ARC protein, Acylated Gag proteins, [42,43] Inner Peripheral Membrane Proteins EBP50, ERM, CD43, CD44, IgSF8, ALIX, PTGFRN, Syntenin, Hsp20, Hsp27, Hsp40/DnaJ proteins, Hsp70, Hsp90, and α/β-crystallins [44][45][46] Enzymes CD73, CD39, Calcium-binding anexins, Phosphatases, Pyrophosphatases, and Phosphate transporters, RNA editing enzymes, Proteases, Glycosyltransferases, Lipases, Glycosidases, and metabolic enzymes, Hyaluronan synthase-3, Glycolytic enzymes [47,48] Cytoskeletal proteins Actin, Profilin I, Elongation factor-1a, Fibronectin cofilin, Tubulin [49] Lipids Golgi-derived lipids Cholesterol, Phospholipids, Phosphatidylethanolamines, Polyglycerols, and Diglycerides, Glycosphingolipids [50] Enzymes Phospholipase C and D and Prostaglandin [51] Metabolites Carboxylic acids, Cyclic alcohols, Biogenic amines, Vitamins, Amino acids, Carnitines, Sugars, Intermediates of TCA cycle Valine, Threonine, Glutamine, Serine and Cystine, Citrate, Pyruvic acid, Malic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid and Fumaric acid [52,53] Abbreviations: ALIX: ALG-2-interacting protein X; ARC: Activity-regulated cytoskeletal protein; EBP: Emopamil binding protein; ECM1: Extracellular matrix Protein 1; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; ERM: Ezrin-radixin-moesin; GPCR: G-protein coupled receptor; GPI: Glycosylphosphatidylinositol; HSP: Heat shock proteins; ICAN-1: Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; IgSF: Immunoglobin superfamily; MFGE8: Milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8; MHC: Major histocompatibility complex; PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand-1; PTGFRN: Prostaglandin F2 receptor negative regulator; SDC: Sex determination and dosage compensation; TCA: Tri-carboxylic acid; VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.…”

Interactions between extracellular vesicles and microbiome in human diseases: New therapeutic opportunities

“…P. gingivalis BEVs are packaged with diverse sRNAs with the potential to target host mRNA function and/or stability, of which sRNA23392 was found to promote invasion and migration of OSCC cells [212]. To date, various lines of evidence have shown that the impact of BEVs on oncogenesis is largely contextdependent and the potential role of BEVs in tumorigenesis are well investigated in multiple studies [102,[213][214][215]; however, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully elucidated.…”