The American cultural and demographic landscape has been transformed with the recent wave of immigration. The United States receives more immigrants each year than all other countries in the world combined, a trend that began with the liberalization of immigration policy in the 1960s (Segal, Elliott, & Mayadas, 2010). Specifically, it is estimated that nearly 38 million first generation immigrants resided in the U.S. in 2007 (U. S. Census, 2010). This number includes those who are legal permanent American residents. In fact, the data show that more than 1 million people were given U.S. citizenship in 2008, a record number in American history (Lee & Rytina, 2009).Typically, Census data do not include individuals who live in the United States without legal documents. The Pew Hispanic Center (2009) indicated that an estimated 11.9 million unauthorized immigrants resided in this country in 2008. Therefore, the number of foreign-born women, men, and children who live and work in the United States, either with or without legal documents, is significant.Undoubtedly, counseling psychologists working in the United States encounter immigrants in their clinical practices, research endeavors, and training settings. Counseling psychologists are particularly well suited to work in this area given their historic commitment to multicultural issues. Although scholarship on recent immigration as well as clinical training on working with recent immigrants is increasing, we believe that counseling psychologists, like the general American public, are not well informed about issues and concerns that are specific to those who were born outside the United States, especially those who are recent arrivals to this country (Yakushko, 2009b). Therefore, this chapter is intended to provide counseling psychologists with a broad introduction to immigrants and their experiences as well as to suggest directions for research that addresses the mental health needs of immigrants.Specifically, this chapter explores current clinical, social psychological, and multicultural research that focuses on recent immigrants and immigration. Historical and contemporary events related to immigration are reviewed. In addition to a focus on documented immigrants, including refugees, the chapter highlights experiences of undocumented immigrants and migrant workers. Scholarship on irregular migration patterns (i.e., human trafficking) also are discussed.Current information on the mental and physical health of immigrants is presented, and factors contributing to increased mental and physical health (i.e., resilience of immigrants) are shared. Specifically, we address issues such as familial and community support, religious beliefs, hope, and social circumstances. Related concepts, which have bearing on the immigrant experience, such as acculturation, oppression, discrimination, and internalized oppression, also are presented. In addition, societal practices, including education and marriage legislation, affecting the immigrant experience are highlighted. Finally, we ...