Comfortably Numb? Nonverbal Reactions to Social Exclusion

Schaafsma, Juliëtte; Krahmer, Emiel; Postma, Marie; Swerts, Marc; Balsters, Martijn; Vingerhoets, A.J.J.M.

doi:10.1007/s10919-014-0198-9

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Research on ostracism has grown rapidly due to the pervasiveness of the phenomenon in people’s everyday lives (Nezlek, Wesselmann, Wheeler, & Williams, 2012) and due to the magnitude of its effects on people’s well-being (DeWall, Gilman, Sharif, Carboni, & Rice, 2012; Lansu, van Noorden, & Deutz, 2017; Niu, Sun, Tian, Fan, & Zhou, 2016). Prior studies have maintained a focus on the affective and behavioral impacts of ostracism, including how it influences risk-taking (Buelow & Wirth, 2017; Duclos, Wan, & Jiang, 2013), affect (Fung & Alden, 2017; Schaafsma et al, 2015), basic need satisfaction (Hartgerink et al, 2015; Williams, Cheung, & Choi, 2000), and antisocial behavior (DeWall et al, 2009; Kouchaki & Wareham, 2015; Poon, Teng, Wong, & Chen, 2016). However, relatively few studies have scrutinized how ostracism can influence people’s perceptions of the consequences of their behavior or how postostracism perceptions of behavior costs can influence people’s actual behavioral decisions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turning a blind eye to potential costs: Ostracism increases aggressive tendency.

Poon¹,

Wong²

2019

Psychology of Violence

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Objective: The current research aimed to examine the hypotheses that ostracism would promote aggression through reduced sensitivity to potential costs of aggression and that warning ostracized people about the costs of aggression would weaken their aggression. Method: Two experiments were conducted to test these predictions. In Experiment 1, participants first recalled either an ostracism or a neutral experience. Next, their perceived costs of aggression and aggressive tendency were assessed. In Experiment 2, participants were first either ostracized or included in a social interaction, and then they either received or did not receive a warning that aggressors would have to pay dire costs. Finally, their aggressive tendency was assessed. Results: The findings revealed that, compared with participants in the control condition, participants in the ostracism condition reported lower perceived costs of aggression and higher levels of aggression (Experiment 1). Moreover, reduced cost sensitivity mediated the effect of ostracism on aggression (Experiment 1). In addition, warning ostracized people about potential costs of aggression effectively weakened the causal linkage between ostracism and aggression (Experiment 2). Conclusion: Overall, these experiments provided novel insights into the significant role that cost sensitivity plays in aggressive and violent responses following ostracism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turning a blind eye to potential costs: Ostracism increases aggressive tendency.

Poon¹,

Wong²

2019

Psychology of Violence

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“…Output from CERT can be interpreted as estimates of the AU intensities and are significantly correlated with the intensity of facial actions, as coded by FACS experts (Bartlett et al 2006 ; Littlewort et al 2011 ). The program has been used in previous studies examining facial reactions towards social stimuli (e.g., Khvatskaya and Lenzenweger 2016 ; Schaafsma et al 2015 ). For each emotion, the most obvious expressions of the upper and the lower face that were displayed in the videos of the stimulus emotions were selected.…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Social Anxiety on Emotional Mimicry and Contagion: Feeling Negative, but Smiling Politely

et al. 2017

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Socially anxiety may be related to a different pattern of facial mimicry and contagion of others’ emotions. We report two studies in which participants with different levels of social anxiety reacted to others’ emotional displays, either shown on a computer screen (Study 1) or in an actual social interaction (Study 2). Study 1 examined facial mimicry and emotional contagion in response to displays of happiness, anger, fear, and contempt. Participants mimicked negative and positive emotions to some extent, but we found no relation between mimicry and the social anxiety level of the participants. Furthermore, socially anxious individuals were more prone to experience negative emotions and felt more irritated in response to negative emotion displays. In Study 2, we found that social anxiety was related to enhanced mimicry of smiling, but this was only the case for polite smiles and not for enjoyment smiles. These results suggest that socially anxious individuals tend to catch negative emotions from others, but suppress their expression by mimicking positive displays. This may be explained by the tendency of socially anxious individuals to avoid conflict or rejection.

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“…Participants arrived in the lab and were asked to sit in the sound-proof booth in front of a computer screen where they first filled out the Rumination Inventory [ 80 ]. In order to ensure that participants in both conditions were in a comparable mood, participants watched a ninety second long relaxation video consisting of underwater scenes and accompanied by soothing music ( S5 File , [ 84 ]). Then they were randomly assigned to either the rumination induction or to the control group.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ruminative minds, wandering minds: Effects of rumination and mind wandering on lexical associations, pitch imitation and eye behaviour

2018

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This study demonstrates that rumination is reflected in two behavioural signals that both play an important role in face-to-face interactions and provides evidence for the negative impact of rumination on social cognition. Sixty-one students were randomly assigned either to a condition in which rumination was induced or to a control condition. Their task was to play a speech-based word association game with an Embodied Conversational Agent during which their word associations, pitch imitation and eye movements were measured. Two questionnaires assessed their ruminative tendencies and mind wandering thoughts, respectively. Rumination predicted differences in task-related mind wandering, polarity of lexical associations, pitch imitation, and blinks while mind wandering predicted differences in saccades. This outcome may show that rumination has a negative impact on certain aspects of social interactions.

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Comfortably Numb? Nonverbal Reactions to Social Exclusion

Cited by 8 publications

References 42 publications

Turning a blind eye to potential costs: Ostracism increases aggressive tendency.

Turning a blind eye to potential costs: Ostracism increases aggressive tendency.

Effects of Social Anxiety on Emotional Mimicry and Contagion: Feeling Negative, but Smiling Politely

Ruminative minds, wandering minds: Effects of rumination and mind wandering on lexical associations, pitch imitation and eye behaviour

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