Combining esters of para-hydroxy benzoic acid (parabens) to achieve increased antimicrobial activity

Abstract

It is concluded that the novel paraben mixtures 47% M, 23.5% E, 6.0% P, 23.5% B and 44.5% M, 44.5% P, 11.0% B at 0.05-0.1% w/v represent improvements on the widely used combination 50% M, 35% E, 10% P, 5% B within the framework of the current tests, and should be considered as alternatives.

Phase equilibrium and mechanisms of crystallization in liquid–liquid phase separating system

“…Butyl paraben [18,19] (butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate), a natural, nonirritating organically derived preservative has been used in advanced cosmetic formulas [20] and widely used for many years as a preservative, generally considered to be safe [21]. In previous work, the ternary phase diagrams of butyl paraben, water and ethanol at different temperatures were determined.…”

Influence of inorganic ions and selected emerging contaminants on the degradation of Methylparaben: A sonochemical approach

“…They are alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and are extensively used as preservatives in personal care products, pharmaceuticals, food products and beverages [5][6][7]. Among the various parabens, methylparaben (MPB) is the most widely used preservative in the commercial applications.…”

The Use of Preservatives in Cosmetic Products and Their Efficiency Testing

“…Kozmetik Yönetmeliği'ne göre tek bir ester için % 0.4, ester karışımları için ise izin verilen maksimum konsantrasyon % 0.8'dir (30,38) . Genel olarak toksik veya mutajenik etkilerinin olmadığı bilinen parabenlerin, son zamanlarda yapılan çalışmalar ile östrojenik özelliklerinin olduğu, kontakt alerjiye neden olabildikleri belirlenmiş-tir (4) . Östrojenik aktivitelerinin bulunması, özel-likle koltuk altına uygulanan ürünlerde, meme kanseri ile ilişkileri olabileceğini düşündürmüş-tür (7) .…”