Identification of Chlorophene in a Backwater Stream in Kerala (India) and its Sonochemical Degradation StudiesChlorophene, a chlorinated phenolic compound and a well-known emerging pollutant due to its extensive use as an antimicrobial agent, has been identified in a local backwater stream using liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight MS (LC-Q-TOF-MS). The concentration of chlorophene has been calculated as 6 Â 10 À7 mol L
À1(0.132 ppm). In order to develop a suitable treatment protocol, ultrasound mediated oxidative degradation has been carried out. Prior to the investigation of chlorophene in the backwater sample, the degradation in pure water has been investigated at 620 kHz and 40.25 W mL
À1. Complete disappearance of chlorophene was observed within 40 min of sonication. The presence of various inorganic ions had no significant influence on the degradation. A complete chemical oxygen demand removal in the local backwater samples was achieved within 3 h of sonication. Three major intermediate products have been identified by LC-Q-TOF-MS and a plausible mechanism of the degradation is proposed. The same method was applied for the backwater sample containing chlorophene with a concentration of 6 Â 10 À7 mol L
À1. Complete disappearance of chlorophene and nearly 85.7% COD removal was observed in this system as well.
The present study describes the monitoring of some of the major classes of surfactants in water. The separation, identification, and the quantitative estimation of the compounds were achieved using LC-Q-ToF-MS. The analyses revealed the presence of variety of surfactants including linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES), and alcohol ethoxylates (AE). Further, emphasis was given to AES as they are one of the most produced and consumed surfactants in the world. And as far as India is concerned, the present study is one of the most significant attempt regarding the identification and quantification of AES. The data obtained during the analysis revealed that the average concentration of AES C12Ex varied from 0.7 to 13.6 μg L while that of C14Ex ranged between 1.3 and 10.4 μg L. The risk assessment revealed that higher chain AES are capable of posing medium level risk to the aquatic compartment. In addition, the study also included the physicochemical analysis of water from the selected area. Water was found to be acidic in nature and the salinity, TDS, and EC values were found to be high during the pre-monsoon season. The order of the levels of anionic constituents was of Cl>SOSO>F>NO ≅ PO while that of cations were Na > Mg > K > Ca. Results of correlation analysis showed that statistically negative correlation exists between AES homologs and pH while slight positive correlations were found between AES and other parameters including TDS and EC. The suitability of this water for domestic and agricultural purposes has been examined on the ground of basic quality indices such as the water quality index (WQI) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). The WQI measurements also revealed that the water quality of the region falls under the "very poor" category especially during the pre-monsoon season. The study could explore the cumulative share of these canals in the quality impairment of the receiving Vembanad Lake.
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