Combining culture and culture‐independent methods reveals new microbial composition of halitosis patients' tongue biofilm

Abstract

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made. AbstractBackground: Oral malodor is a very discomforting condition deriving from the presence of volatile sulfur compounds in the expired air. In halitosis of intraoral etiology, the volatile sulfur compounds are metabolic products of the oral microorganisms within the biofilm coating the tongue dorsum as well as other tissues in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the microbial composition of tongue biofilm in volunteers suffering from halitosis and healthy volunteers by means of both the culture method and culture-independent cloning technique.Results: A high bacterial variety (more than 80 different species) was detected using the combination of both methods. A distinct bacterial composition was revealed in the halitosis-associated biofilms compared with the health-associated biofilms.Actinomyces graevenitzii was shown to be significantly associated with the halitosis condition. The culture method identified 47 species, included Veillonella rogosae, never isolated from the tongue biofilm of halitosis patients so far. In the healthy condition, the culture-dependent method showed that the most frequent species were Streptococcus parasanguinis among the aerobes and Veillonella spp. among the anaerobes. The culture-independent cloning method detected more than 50 species.Streptococci, in particular S. mitis/oralis, S. pseudopneumoniae, and S. infantis as well as Prevotella spp., were found most frequently in halitosis patients. Streptococcus salivarius and Rothia mucilaginosa were found more frequently in the healthy condition. Conclusions:The combination of the culture-dependent and culture-independent cloning techniques allowed for a widespread analysis of the tongue biofilm in halitosis patients. The results can support further pharmacological research for new antimicrobial agents and halitosis therapy strategies. K E Y W O R D Sculture-independent cloning technique, halitosis, microbial culture, tongue biofilm | 11 of 12

The Role of Oral Microbiota in Intra-Oral Halitosis

“…Moreover, following the earlier findings, the researchers' results revealed the presence of Actinomyces odontolyticus, Solobacterium moorei, Prevotella melaninogenica, Fusobacterium periodonticum, and Tannerella forsythia in IOH patients. Furthermore, microorganisms such as Streptococcus parasanguinis, S. salivarius, Veillonella spp., and Rothia mucilaginosa dominated in the oral microbiota of healthy people [112].…”

“…The composition of the tongue microbiota has an essential influence on IOH. The most common molecular technique for testing and evaluating an oral cavity microbiome is the sequencing [5,107,112,113]. Seerangaiyan et al published a review in 2017, in which they showed the composition of the bacteria of Aggregatibacter, Campylobacter, Capnocytophaga, Clostridiales, Leptotrichia, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus, Peptococcus, Prevotella, Selenomonas, Dialister, Tannerella, and Treponema in the group of patients with IOH.…”

Disruption of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans synergy by a commensal streptococcus

“…In addition, C. albicans and oral commensal streptococci have been shown to physically interact and display synergistic behavior within biofilms 30,41 , however, the impact of oral commensal streptococci in the S. mutans-C. albicans interaction is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that S. parasanguinis, one of the most prominent commensals in the oral cavity 22,23 , interferes with S. mutans and C. albicans biofilm synergy in a H 2 O 2 and contact independent manner. Supporting this observation, CLSM analysis revealed a reduction in the size of S. mutans microcolonies in the presence of S. parasanguinis.…”

Influence of Probiotics on the Salivary Microflora Oral Streptococci and Their Integration into Oral Biofilm

“…In this context, the tongue, with its distinct surface characteristics (fissures, crypts, papillae, saliva), could also be prone to the colonization, growth, and proliferation of microbiota [ 47 ]. It is a highly populated niche which has a significant impact on the colonization of other regions in the oral cavity [ 48 ] and could be a noninvasive biomarker for oral and systemic health [ 49 ]. Since it could be expected that colonization of the tongue by probiotics may have an impact on the microbiota and the health of the oral cavity, the fate of probiotics within tongue coatings should be considered in future clinical studies.…”