Combined Vacuum Evaporation and Solution Process for High‐Efficiency Large‐Area Perovskite Solar Cells with Exceptional Reproducibility

Abstract

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites exhibit outstanding performances in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the complex solution chemistry of perovskites precursors renders it difficult to prepare large‐area devices in a reproducible way, which is a prerequisite for the technology to make an impact beyond lab scale. Vacuum processing, instead, is an established technology for large‐scale coating of thin films. However, with respect to the hybrid perovskites it is highly challenging due to the high vapor pressure of the organic ammonium halide. In this work, vacuum evaporation of lead iodide and solution processing of organic ammonium halide is combined to produce large‐area homogeneous perovskite films with large grains in a highly reproducible way. The resulting PSCs achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.3% (certified 23.9%) on small area (0.10 cm2), 24.0% (certified 23.7%) on large area (1 cm2) and 20.0% for minimodule (16 cm2), and maintain 90% of its initial efficiency after 1000 h 1‐sun operation. The vacuum evaporation prevents advert environmental effects on lead halide formation and guarantees a reproducible fabrication of high‐quality large‐area perovskite films, which opens a promising way for large‐scale fabrication of perovskite optoelectronics.

The synergistic effect of dry air and surfactants enables water to be a promising green solvent for stable and efficient perovskite solar cells

“…The device performance of PSCs prepared by this technique is catching up and comparable with that of devices prepared using conventional toxic solution-based methods. 4 From the perspective of green synthesis of perovskites by solution deposition, water is regarded as the most promising solvent. In 2015, Wei et al first invented a low-toxicity aqueous lead nitrate ink (Pb(NO 3 ) 2 /H 2 O) to prepare MAPbI 3 PSCs via sequential deposition.…”

Strain Regulation and Photophysical Properties in Halide Perovskite

“…Lead halide perovskites have been considered to be the next generation of light absorbers for photovoltaic devices as a consequence of their low cost, [1][2][3] high efficiency, [4][5][6][7] flexibility, [8][9][10] easy large-area solution processing, [11][12][13][14] etc. The high structural symmetry, high defect tolerance, and direct bandgap of lead halide perovskite crystals contribute to their excellent electrical properties, including high carrier mobility, [15,16] low Auger recombination, [17,18] and high quantum efficiency.…”

Efficient and Stable Inverted Wide‐Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules Enabled by Hybrid Evaporation‐Solution Method

“…Recently, Tan et al reported 24.3% efficient and stable perovskite solar cells and 16 cm 2 mini-module with PCE of 20.0% using a sequential vapor-solution method in nip configuration. [37] Another combined sequential approach is the solutionvapor method, where inorganic precursors are spin-coated, followed by evaporated organic components. Wang et al have reported MA-free nip perovskite with sequential solution-vapor method, where inorganic precursors are solution deposited, following vapor-deposited FAI, and achieved over 24% of PCE and high moisture stability.…”

“…reported 24.3% efficient and stable perovskite solar cells and 16 cm 2 mini‐module with PCE of 20.0% using a sequential vapor‐solution method in nip configuration. [ 37 ] Another combined sequential approach is the solution‐vapor method, where inorganic precursors are spin‐coated, followed by evaporated organic components. Wang et al.…”