Combined transcriptome and metabolite profiling analyses provide insights into the chronic toxicity of carbaryl and acetamiprid to Apis mellifera larvae

Abstract

Despite many studies have revealed that developing honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae are posting a high risk on exposure to insecticides, the toxicology information on bee larvae remain limited. The present study demonstrated the first assessment of the effects of no observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) of carbaryl (CR) and acetamiprid (ACE) on transcriptome and metabolome in honeybee larvae reared in vitro. Chronic exposure to carbaryl caused transcriptional disorders associated with oxidative stress. In addition, a series of metabolic homeostasis were disrupted by carbaryl stress, such amino acid metabolism, purine and pyrimidine metabolism and flavone and flavonol biosynthesis. The activities of enzymic biomarkers including GST, P450, CAT, AChE and SOD were not influenced by ACE stress, while the CR exposure slightly decreased the activity of CAT and SOD. Our results clearly show that ACE and CR display different potential to modulate transcriptome and metabolome associated with their different toxicity against bee larvae.

The role of the veterinary diagnostic toxicologist in apiary health

“…104 Methods have been developed to determine CYP gene regulation and expression in honey bees, including PCR methods, enzyme function assays, and chromatography, electrophoresis, and spectroscopy techniques that are amenable to techniques already in use in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. 22,42,51,70,80 Finally, honey bees are potential sentinels for environmental contamination. Precipitous declines in insect populations have been documented in areas of the world where they have been studied.…”

“…104 Methods have been developed to determine CYP gene regulation and expression in honey bees, including PCR methods, enzyme function assays, and chromatography, electrophoresis, and spectroscopy techniques that are amenable to techniques already in use in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. 22,42,51,70,80…”

“…78 Messenger RNA expression for P450s was measured by isolating RNA via automated gel electrophoresis and using an mRNA sequence. 42 Similarly, mRNA was isolated using electrophoresis and synthesized cDNA primers for PCR. 51 An assay was developed for CYP9Q1 activity based on the addition of quercetin dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide to midgut homogenate, then analyzing an ethyl acetate extract via LC for quercetin.…”

“…70 Messenger RNA expression was measured for GST by isolating mRNA and comparing it to the sequence library. 42 Phase III proteins are transporters used to move metabolites across cell membranes and promote excretion through Malpighian tubules. 34 These are found mostly in the fat body, Malpighian tubules, hindgut, and cuticle.…”

Exposure of chlorothalonil and acetamiprid reduce the survival and cause multiple internal disturbances in Apis mellifera larvae reared in vitro

“…The overexpression of insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway related genes implies the increased nutrient storage. As one of the key regulators in energy metabolism, the insulin/TOR pathway also related to xenobiotics metabolism and stress resistance ( Siede et al, 2012 ; du Rand et al, 2017 ; Gao et al, 2022 ). Continuously exposure to organic insecticide could contribute to insulin resistance and metabolic disorders in mammal and insects ( de Azevedo and Hartfelder, 2008 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ).…”