Combined studies of chemical composition of urine sediments and kidney stones by means of infrared microspectroscopy

Abstract

Results of the structural analysis of urinary sediments by means of infrared spectral microscopy are presented. The results are in good agreement with the results of standard optical microscopy in the case of single-component and crystalline urinary sediments. It is found that for noncrystalline or multicomponent sediments, the suggested spectroscopic method is superior to optical microscopy. The chemical structure of sediments of any molecular origin can be elucidated by this spectroscopic method. The method is sensitive enough to identify solid particles of drugs present in urine. Sulfamethoxazole and traces of other medicines are revealed in this study among the other sediments. We also show that a rather good correlation exists between the type of urinary sediments and the renal stones removed from the same patient. Spectroscopic studies of urinary stones and corresponding sediments from 76 patients suffering from renal stone disease reveal that in 73% of cases such correlation exists. This finding is a strong argument for the use of infrared spectral microscopy to prevent kidney stone disease because stones can be found in an early stage of formation by using the nonintrusive spectroscopic investigation of urinary sediments. Some medical recommendations concerning the overdosing of certain pharmaceuticals can also be derived from the spectroscopic studies of urinary sediments.

Application of SERS spectroscopy for detection of trace components in urinary deposits

“…For urinary sediments, some EDAX spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) experiments were also carried out but they did not seem to be able to provide exact information about the chemical composition of the sample [17]. S. Verdesca et al obtained more reliable results by means of infrared microspectroscopy [18,19]. Raman spectroscopy is complementary to infrared spectroscopy and does not require the preparation of samples.…”

Fiber attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy of kidney tissue during live surgery

“…IR absorption spectra of biological tissue are rather complex and difficult to analyze; nevertheless, during the last decades, there are many successful attempts to apply IR spectroscopy for detection of tumorous tissue areas [5][6][7][8], for elucidating structure of kidney, bladder or gall stones [9][10][11][12], for analysis of sediments in various bodily fluids [13][14][15]. Main drawback of this method is that sample for the studies has to be transferred from the patient to the instrument.…”

Preparation and testing of phosphate, oxalate and uric acid matrix-matched standards for accurate quantification of 2D elemental distribution in kidney stone sections using 213 nm nanosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

“…Correspondingly, several variants of minerals are present, e.g., in the case of phosphate we nd struvite MgNH 4 PO 4 $6H 2 O, brushite CaHPO 4 $2H 2 O, whitlockite Ca 9 (MgFe)(PO 4 ) 6 PO 3 OH, and apatite (Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH,F,Cl)) with variable portions of OH À (hydroxylapatite), F À (uorapatite) and CO Usually, a urolith contains more than one mineral and therefore, direct analysis of solid samples is preferred in order to preserve spatial information. [28][29][30] Various techniques have been routinely employed in mineralogical and surface analysis of kidney stones, such as infrared spectroscopy, 31,32 Raman spectroscopy, 32,33 X-ray diffraction, 34,35 tomography, 36 polarization optical crystallography, chemical microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and photomicroscopy, and light microscopy for macroscopic and microscopic examination. Besides, scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDX) 37 or laser induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS) 38,39 has been used for surface analysis.…”