Combined strength and aerobic training increases transforming growth factor-β1 in patients with type 2 diabetes

Abstract

ObjecTIVe: The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a combined strength and aerobic training program on pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines and transforming growth factor-β1 in patients with type 2 diabetes. DeSIgn: Ten patients with type 2 diabetes, aged 55.5 (5) years [median (IQR)] participated in a supervised systematic exercise training program which included aerobic exercise and strength training, undertaken four days per week for eight weeks. ReSUlTS: The training program increased transforming growth factor-β1 concentration (+50.4%) and reduced high sensitivity c reactive protein levels (-24.1%) without altering the levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. Additional improvements were also achieved in anthropometric characteristics, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c: -11.8%), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR: -15%) and physical fitness parameters (stress test: +26.6%, upper muscle strength: +32.4% and lower muscle strength: +48.9%). cOnclUSIOn: A combined strength and aerobic exercise program has a potential anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory impact which most likely reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and improves the health status in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Effects of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate Supplementation on IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β1 during Resistance Exercise in Athletes

“…Our findings are in line with a previous study showing an increase in serum TGF-β1 following an acute bout of RE with 50% of 1RM in coronary artery dieses patients [38]. It has been reported a rise in circulating TGF-β1 level after chronic resistance training in healthy adults [39] and in patients with type 2 diabetes [40,41]. However, other studies reported no change in TGF-β1 level following resistance training in the elderly [42] and in older adults [43].…”

Effect of a four-week exercise program on the secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-6 cytokines in elite Taekwondo athletes

“…The IFN-γ and TNF-α levels of the subjects in the current study remained unaffected before the exercise program and after the 4-week Taekwondo exercise program. This result is consistent with the reports of Marques et al (17), LaVoy et al (18) and Touvra et al (19) all of whom noted that the TGF-β1 cytokine was not affected by exercise. In comparison to the levels measured before the program, the IL-2 levels of the subjects after the 4-week Taekwondo exercise program were found to be elevated.…”

“…It has been shown that a 32-week exercise program did not affect the TNF-α levels in older individuals (17). Consistently, it was reported that acute aerobic exercise in humans did not alter the cytokine activity of T cells (18), and that combined strength and endurance exercise did not change IFN-γ and TNF-α levels in individuals with type II diabetes (19). However, it was shown that 12 weeks of swimming exercise elevated IFN-γ and TNF-α levels in mice (20), and that exercise increased the release of IFN-γ in horses (21).…”

Role of the autologous mesenchymal stem cells compared with platelet rich plasma on cicatrization of cutaneous wounds in diabetic mice

“…Because DM changes the expression of cytokines (Buschard 2011, Hughson et al 2011, Jiang et al 2011, Touvra et al 2011, there remain large uncertainties of cellular components of the diabetic patient will respond successfully to stimulate the skin heals.…”