Combined spatial-polarization correlation function for indoor multipath environments

Abstract

The combined spatial-polarization correlation function for indoor multipath environments is discussed. An analytical model based on an isotropic receiving antenna and a sphere of scatterers is developed for quantifying signal decorrelation as a function of antennas' spatial and orientation separation. A closed form expression is deduced for the combined spatial-polarization correlation function which is useful for quantifying the potential diversity gain in antenna diversity systems. Finally, an extensive set of measurements were carried out at 1947.5 MHz to verify the theoretical results.

GNSS Spoofing Detection Based on Signal Power Measurements: Statistical Analysis

“…As stated earlier, the average spoofer SNR is not known and varies with varying spoofer-receiver separation due to pathloss, spoofer transmit power variations, and so forth. However, the average authentic line of sight (LOS) SNR is approximately known, given that the average LOS CNR of GNSS signals at the ground level is typically within [40-50] (dB-Hz), which maps into a postprocessing SNR of approximately [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] dB based on 1 ms of coherent integration. This a priori information can be used to determine a second threshold, ρ 2 , based on selecting a probability of false alarm associated with H2 as…”

“…It is known that any temporal variation in the antenna response results in a temporal signal decorrelation in a multipath environment such that extra diversity branches can be made available for receiver processing [7][8][9][10].…”

“…Distribution of scatterers in many multipath environments such as indoors or urban areas approximately resembles a uniform sphere of scatterers [9,14]. The correlation coefficient between signal samples, s = [s 1 , .…”

“…Variation in antenna's polarization is known to result in signal decorrelation. It can be shown that the covariance of signal samples measured through polarization rotation of a handheld antenna follows from [15] as…”

“…User interaction with the handheld creates variability in the antenna response, which can be transformed into a diversity gain that adds to the general processing gain of the receiver [7][8][9][10]. This processing gain enhances the estimation of the received signal power of the correlation peaks, that, is necessary information in spoofer discrimination.…”