Combined neuromuscular electrical stimulation and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for treatment of chronic back pain: A double-blind, repeated measures comparison

Moore, Sara; Shurman, Joseph

doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(97)90010-1

Cited by 101 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Electrical stimulation has been used for wound healing (Petrofsky et al 2005(Petrofsky et al , 2006, for muscle strengthening (Iwasaki et al 2006;Parker et al 2003), to reduce muscle spasticity (Scheker et al 1999) to decrease pain (Moore and Shurman 1997) and to reduce muscle atrophy (Eriksson and Haggmark 1979). However, in many cases, the pain associated with the electrical stimulation has made it impractical for strength training in athletes (Forrester and Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been used to strengthen healthy muscle (Iwasaki et al 2006;Parker et al 2003), reduce spasticity (Scheker et al 1999), decrease pain (Moore and Shurman 1997), reduce muscle atrophy (Eriksson and Haggmark 1979), and in physical therapy it is used as a means of rebuilding muscle and an aid to promote wound healing (Petrofsky et al 2005(Petrofsky et al , 2006. However, very few studies have actually evaluated the optimal waveform and electrode placement to use to apply electrical stimulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of the distribution of intramuscular current during electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscle

et al. 2008

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Electrical stimulation is commonly used for strengthening muscle but little evidence exists as to the optimal electrode size, waveform, or frequency to apply. Three male and three female subjects (22-40 years old) were examined during electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscle. Two self adhesive electrode sizes were examined, 2 cm x 2 cm and 2 cm x 4 cm. Electrical stimulation was applied with square and sine waveforms, currents of 5, 10 and 15 mA, and pulse widths of 100-500 micros above the quadriceps muscle. Frequencies of stimulation were 20, 30, and 50 Hz. Current on the skin above the quadriceps muscle was measured with surface electrodes at five positions and at three positions with needle electrodes in the same muscle. Altering pulse width in the range of 100-500 micros, the frequency over a range of 20-50 Hz, or current from 5 to 15 mA had no effect on current dispersion either in the skin or within muscle. In contrast, the distance separating the electrodes caused large changes in current dispersion on the skin or into muscle. The most significant finding in the present investigation was that, while on the surface of the skin current dispersion was not different between sine and square wave stimulation, significantly more current was transferred deep in the muscle with sine versus square wave stimulation. The use of sine wave stimulation with electrode separation distances of less then 15 cm is recommended for electrical stimulation with a sine wave to achieve deep muscle stimulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of the distribution of intramuscular current during electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscle

et al. 2008

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“…This treatment is of shorter duration and stimulation time than recommended treatments [3]. Furthermore, the use of different pain outcome measures gave contrary results, e.g., in patients with chronic low back pain, Moore and Shurman [4] found a significant difference in pain relief for TENS treatment as measured by a pain relief scale, but documented no pain reduction using a visual analogue scale (VAS), both compared with placebo, after two days of treatment. So patients did experience relief after this short treatment period, although this could not be retrieved by diminished VAS scores.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Outcome of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in chronic pain: short-term results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

et al. 2006

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The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of shortterm transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) treatment in chronic pain with respect to pain intensity and patients' satisfaction with treatment results. We therefore performed a randomised controlled trial comparing TENS and sham TENS. Patients, researchers and therapists were blinded for treatment allocation. One hundred and sixty-three patients with chronic pain referred to the Pain Centre entered the study. Conventional TENS and sham TENS were applied in the segments of pain, for a period of ten days. Outcome measures were pain intensity (visual analogue scale) and patients' satisfaction with treatment result (yes or no). The proportions of patients satisfied with treatment result differed significantly for TENS compared to sham TENS (58 and 42.7% respectively, x 2 =3.8, p=0.05). However, no differences in pain intensity were found for patients treated with TENS or sham TENS. Only for patients satisfied with treatment results pain intensity gradually decrease equally both for TENS and sham TENS with repeated treatment application.

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“…Electrical stimulation is used to strengthen healthy muscle (Godfrey et al 1979;Laughman et al 1983;McMiken et al 1983;Selkowitz 1985), reduce spasticity (Scheker et al 1999), decrease pain (Loeser et al 1975; Moore and Shurman 1997;Repperger et al 1997), improve healing rates of pressure sores (Petrofsky et al 2000;Stefanovska et al 1993), and reduce muscular atrophy (Eriksson and Ha¨ggmark 1979). Electrical stimulation is also used in basic research to study muscle fatigue (Petrofsky 1980), cardiovascular responses to exercise (Coote et al 1971), and motor control (Petrofsky and Phillips 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward the optimal waveform for electrical stimulation of human muscle

Bennie

Petrofsky

Nisperos

et al. 2002

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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Electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscle was used to elicit 4-min isometric contractions at 10% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in four male and three female subjects. The effect of four waveforms, including Russian, interferential, sine, and square, on the mean stimulation current required to achieve the desired contraction force, subjective comfort, and physiological responses was studied. Interferential stimulation, even at full power, could not elicit a sustained contraction at 10% MVC. The contractions elicited by electrical stimulation utilizing the sine waveform required significantly less mean stimulation current to maintain the desired force of contraction with consistently lower verbal rating scale scores and greater increases in oxygen consumption than either the Russian or square waveform stimulations. Russian waveform stimulation produced a significantly greater rise in galvanic skin resistance than the sine or square waveform while the changes in respiratory quotient were similar between waveforms. The data support sine wave stimulation as working the best by producing the desired muscle tension with the least mean stimulation current and therefore, the least tissue trauma while providing the most subjective comfort.

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Combined neuromuscular electrical stimulation and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for treatment of chronic back pain: A double-blind, repeated measures comparison

Cited by 101 publications

References 12 publications

Estimation of the distribution of intramuscular current during electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscle

Estimation of the distribution of intramuscular current during electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscle

Outcome of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in chronic pain: short-term results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Toward the optimal waveform for electrical stimulation of human muscle

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