Combined Modelling of Multiple Transportation Infrastructure Within 3d City Models and Its Implementation in Citygml 3.0

Abstract

Abstract. The development of digital urban twins has led to efforts of multiple cities to gather detailed and highly accurate data on many parts of urban environments, including road and railway infrastructure as well as areas used by pedestrians. This paper presents concepts for representing and segmenting this data semantically, geometrically and topologically ensuring usability for various multimodal applications in the context of digital 3D city models. First, methods for modelling multiple transportation types of several standards such as OpenDRIVE, GDF and INSPIRE are examined, including a discussion of different types of information integration such as functional and topographical representations. Then, concepts proposed to the CityGML Standards Working Group for the CityGML 3.0 Transportation model are presented. This includes detailed methods for modelling multiple transportation modes within a common city model while avoiding redundant geometric representations. A section / intersection concept in combination with links used to model these relations is described. Linear as well as areal models of level crossings, pedestrian crosswalks or areas shared by multiple transportation infrastructure at the same time (e.g. a tramway within a road) are presented. Subsequently, examples and applications that benefit from accurate representations of multiple transportation types are described.

Digital Twin Technology Challenges and Applications: A Comprehensive Review

“…Furthermore, authors in [33] discuss that the data must be easily accessible through an advanced geoportal for multiple users in a presentation of 3D spatial GIS models. The authors of [38] mention DT 3D modeling standards in the context of smart cities such as geographic data files (GDFs), CityGML, OpenDRIVE and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards such as LandInfra. Currently, research scientists are being left behind by several industrial leaders which are moving towards detailed simulation modeling without considering the true and powerful research questions about the capability of such systems powered by big data and AI, which represents a significant gap in some cases that needs to be filled.…”

Detailed Streetspace Modelling for Multiple Applications: Discussions on the Proposed CityGML 3.0 Transportation Model

“…Transportation systems, especially within big cities, not only include streets but also contain other transportation infrastructure, such as railways, trams, or waterways and canals. These multimodal transportation types often interact with each other and in many cases even share identical spaces in the city [6]. Level crossings of streets and railways or tramways within a road, for example, are part of the streetspace.…”

“…Usage of XLinks to implement object linking to avoid redundant representations is explained in more detail in the CityGML specification document [29]. Beil and Kolbe [6] demonstrate this concept for multiple transportation types, including a level crossing shared by a Road and a Railway object simultaneously. In the example in Figure 3a, Intersections are reduced to the smallest area used by different Roads.…”

“…All of these different transportation types are modelled using the same data structure. Thus, combinations of these infrastructure types are simple [6]. This is beneficial to applications, such as multimodal transportation or barrier-free navigation.…”

“…This way, different transportation types are not connected if it is not possible to switch between them at a certain point (e.g., road and railway networks intersecting at a level-crossing). Non-redundant geometric integration of multiple transportation infrastructure is discussed in [6]. Nodes can be derived from the linear network if needed for connectivity or shortest path graph algorithms.…”