Combined effects of pre-cooling and water ingestion on thermoregulation and physical capacity during exercise in a hot environment

Hasegawa, Hiroshi; Takatori, Tadashi; Komura, Takashi; Yamasaki, Masahiro

doi:10.1080/02640410400022185

Cited by 57 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Direct comparisons with the magnitude of ergogenic effect observed in previous studies are limited because authors of only 2 studies 3,4 used the same protocol as we did, and only Kay et al 4 used the same mode of exercise. Kay et al 4 observed a 6.0% (900 m) improvement in performance when using an identical exercise protocol after 60 minutes of coolwater immersion, and Booth et al 3 observed a 4.2% improvement in distance run in 30 minutes after 60 minutes of coolwater immersion.…”

Section: Precooling Effectmentioning

confidence: 78%

Self-Paced Exercise Performance in the Heat After Pre-Exercise Cold-Fluid Ingestion

Byrne

Owen

Cosnefroy

et al. 2011

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context:Precooling is the pre-exercise reduction of body temperature and is an effective method of improving physiologic function and exercise performance in environmental heat. A practical and effective method of precooling suitable for application at athletic venues has not been demonstrated.Objective: To confirm the effectiveness of pre-exercise ingestion of cold fluid without fluid ingestion during exercise on pre-exercise core temperature and to determine whether pre-exercise ingestion of cold fluid alone without continued provision of cold fluid during exercise can improve exercise performance in the heat.Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: Environmental chamber at an exercise physiology laboratory that was maintained at 32°C, 60% relative humidity, and 3.2 m/s facing air velocity.Patients or Other Participants: Seven male recreational cyclists (age = 21 ± 1.5 years, height = 1.81 ± 0.07 m, mass = 78.4 ± 9.2 kg) participated.Intervention(s): Participants ingested 900 mL of cold (2°C) or control (37°C) flavored water in 3 300-mL aliquots over 35 minutes of pre-exercise rest.Main Outcome Measure(s): Rectal temperature and thermal comfort before exercise and distance cycled, power output, pacing, rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, heart rate, blood lactate, thermal comfort, perceived exertion, and sweat loss during exercise.Results: During rest, a greater decrease in rectal temperature was observed with ingestion of the cold fluid (0.41 ± 0.16°C) than the control fluid (0.17 ± 0.17°C) over 35 to 5 minutes before exercise (t 6 = -3.47, P = .01). During exercise, rectal temperature was lower after ingestion of the cold fluid at 5 to 25 minutes (t 6 range, 2.53-3.38, P ≤ .05). Distance cycled was greater after ingestion of the cold fluid (19.26 ± 2.91 km) than after ingestion of the control fluid (18.72 ± 2.59 km; t 6 = -2.80, P = .03). Mean power output also was greater after ingestion of the cold fluid (275 ± 27 W) than the control fluid (261 ± 22 W; t 6 = -2.13, P = .05). No differences were observed for pacing, mean skin temperature, heart rate, blood lactate, thermal comfort, perceived exertion, and sweat loss (P > .05).Conclusions: We demonstrated that pre-exercise ingestion of cold fluid is a simple, effective precooling method suitable for field-based application.Key Words: precooling, hyperthermia, time trialKey Points • Ingestion of 900 mL of cold fluid over 35 minutes of pre-exercise rest produced a mean 0.4°C reduction in pre-exercise rectal temperature and resulted in lower rectal temperature during exercise.• Self-paced endurance performance in the heat was improved after pre-exercise ingestion of cold fluid.• Ingesting cold fluid before exercise was a simple, effective precooling method that might be applied at athletic venues before athletes train or compete in the heat.P recooling is the lowering of body temperature before exercise and consistently has been demonstrated as an effective method of improving physiologic function and exercise performance in environmental h...

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Section: Precooling Effectmentioning

confidence: 78%

Self-Paced Exercise Performance in the Heat After Pre-Exercise Cold-Fluid Ingestion

Byrne

Owen

Cosnefroy

et al. 2011

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…Induced cold state by low temperature exposure may be considered as an important stressing agent [2]. Consolidated data from the literature point towards the existence of myocardial structural lesions resulting from the exposure of animals to extreme low temperature [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efeitos do estresse pelo frio sobre o tamanho nuclear do cardiomiócito em ratos: avaliação por microscopia de luz

Meneghini

Ferreira²,

Abreu

et al. 2008

Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc

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Efeitos do estresse pelo frio sobre o tamanho nuclear do cardiomiócito em ratos: avaliação por microscopia de luz AbstractIntroduction: Total body induced hypothermia and myocardial cooling are effective methods regarding myocardial protection during heart surgery and ischemia. It is described in previous studies that extreme low temperature exposure causes mitochondrial cristae and myofilament disarrangement in cardiomyocytes, however, no investigation has analyzed the effects of cold stress on nuclear size of cardiomyocytes.Objectives: To evaluate the effects of acute cold stress exposure on the nuclear size of cardiomyocytes in rats.Methods: The experimental study procedures were 531MENEGHINI, A ET AL -Efeitos do estresse pelo frio sobre o tamanho nuclear do cardiomiócito em ratos: avaliação por microscopia de luz Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc 2008; 23(4): 530-533

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“…In another study, the combination of cold water immersion and cold fluid ingestion that resulted in the lowest initial T c resulted in the longest time to 2max in the heat (32 °C ) (Hasegawa et al, 2006).…”

Section: Precoolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precooling and Warm-up Effects on Time Trial Cycling Performance During Heat Stress

Al-Horani

Wingo

2015

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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The aim of this study was to investigate the separate and combined effects of precooling and warm-up on a subsequent cycling time trial in a hot environment. Nine healthy men (mean±SD age=24±5 years; body mass=74.7±4.5 kg; height=171.4±7.7 cm; body fat=12.9±5.2%) completed 3 simulated 16.1-km time trials on a cycle ergometer in a hot environment (~33 °C, 45% relative humidity) after: 1) 20 min of fluid ingestion (10 °C ) followed by 30 min of ice-slurry ingestion (-1 °C ) coupled with ice-vest (PREC), 2) 30 min of ice-slurry ingestion coupled with ice-vest followed by 20 min of warm-up including ice-slurry and ice-vest (COMBO), 3) 30 min of fluid ingestion (10 °C) followed by 20 min of warm-up (WU). At baseline, rectal temperature (T re ), mean skin temperature ( sk ), and mean body temperature ( b ) were similar among treatments (all P>0.05). After treatment administration and before the start of the time trial, T re was lower in PREC (36.1±0.3) and COMBO (36.9±0.4) compared to WU (37.6±0.2) (all P<0.05). sk and b were all lower in PREC than COMBO and WU, and were lower in COMBO than WU (all P<0.05). T re remained lower in PREC than WU throughout exercise and was lower in PREC than COMBO for the first 12 km (all P<0.01), while T re in COMBO remained lower than WU for the first 4 km. sk during PREC was lower than COMBO at 4 and 8 km and lower than WU at 0 and 4 km, while during COMBO it was lower than WU at 0 and 4 km (all P<0.05). Heart rate (HR) at baseline was lower in PREC than COMBO and WU (68±10, 106±12, 101±13 beats/min, respectively; P<0.001). During exercise, HR increased similarly among all treatments throughout exercise (all P>0.05). Local sweat rate (SR) was lower in PREC than COMBO and WU for the first 4 km (P < iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All praise is due to Allah, the entirely merciful; I thank him and praise him. He is the one who protects and guards me in the days when I work, and in the nights when I sleep. He amply bestowed his favors and bounties upon me, and gave me from all I asked of him, and if I should count his favors, surely I could not enumerate.Then, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Dr. Jonathan Wingo for his guidance, knowledge, patience, diligence, and dedication throughout this dissertation stages.He was very generous in teaching the procedures of research, from how to professionally use the laboratory equipment, to how to write a solid work of research. He has been sincere, respectful, and hardworking. I am also thankful to my dissertation committee, Dr. Philip Bishop, Dr. Mark Richardson, Dr. Edward Mansfield, and Dr. John Vincent. Their inputs, suggestions, and recommendations were very effective in directing the research into the right way. Also I thank them for their cooperation and sacrifices to finish this dissertation successfully.

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Combined effects of pre-cooling and water ingestion on thermoregulation and physical capacity during exercise in a hot environment

Cited by 57 publications

References 27 publications

Self-Paced Exercise Performance in the Heat After Pre-Exercise Cold-Fluid Ingestion

Self-Paced Exercise Performance in the Heat After Pre-Exercise Cold-Fluid Ingestion

Efeitos do estresse pelo frio sobre o tamanho nuclear do cardiomiócito em ratos: avaliação por microscopia de luz

Precooling and Warm-up Effects on Time Trial Cycling Performance During Heat Stress

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