Combined bactericidal process of lignin and silver in a hybrid nanoparticle on E. coli

Abstract

Among multiple engineered nanoparticles that have been used in the bactericidal application, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are the most explored bactericidal functional materials with their high efficiency and broad-spectrum bactericidal properties. However, environmental toxicology and lack of modifiability restrict their further development. In this study, a simple and economic method was established to fabricate lignin and silver hybrid nanoparticles (Lig-Ag NPs) with bactericidal ability. Afterwards, material characterization, bactericidal evaluation, and mechanism exploration were implemented to explore the properties of Lig-Ag NPs. The results indicated that Lig-Ag NPs not only demonstrated remarkable dispersity, uniformity, and encapsulation efficiency but also possessed approximated bactericidal ability on Escherichia coli and better durability compared with the same concentration of Ag NPs on E. coli . On the other hand, flow cytometry and transcriptomic analysis were used to further explore the bactericidal mechanism of Lig-Ag NPs. The results showed that oxidative stress was the possible leading bactericidal mechanism of Lig-Ag NPs. The formation approaches of reactive oxygen species production were various including the slow release of silver ion and generation of quinone/semi-quinone radicals on account of the combined effect of lignin and silver. Graphical abstract Lig-Ag NPs exhibited remarkable dispersity, uniformity, encapsulation efficiency, and possessed approximated bactericidal ability and better durability compared with Ag NPs. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42114-022-00460-z.

Preparation of Lignosulfonate@AgNPs Colloidal Nanocrystal Clusters through In Situ Reduction, Confined Growth, and Self-Assembly

“…48,50 Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus (+) is more likely to come in contact with the electronegative LS-TBAB@AgNPs-3 than Gram-negative bacteria E. coli (−), with a larger contact area and stronger antibacterial activity. 51,52 Based on the MIC, the solution concentration gradient was designed, and the antibacterial ability of the sample was intuitively analyzed by the plate counting method. As shown in Figure 6a,b, live flora on a solid LB agar plate exposed to…”

“…aureus (+) is more likely to come in contact with the electronegative LS-TBAB@AgNPs-3 than Gram-negative bacteria E. coli (−), with a larger contact area and stronger antibacterial activity. , …”

Lignin-based epoxy composite vitrimers with light-controlled remoldability

“…Lignin is the largest renewable source of aromatic building blocks in nature [10][11][12][13] and has signi cant potential to serve as starting material for the production of bulk or functionalized aromatic compounds to offer suitable alternatives to the universally used, petroleumderived BTX (benzene, toluene, and xylene) [14][15][16][17][18][19]. There are a large number of aromatic rings and conjugated functional groups inside the molecular structure of lignin, which allow the formation of strong conjugation and π-π molecular interactions among lignin molecules [17,[20][21][22], endowing lignin with unique optical properties including aggregation-induced emission, UV absorbance and great potential for sustainable photothermal conversion [23,24]. Zhang et al obtained a lignin-based photoresponsive actuator that can achieve up to 18% light-driven contraction under loading within 3 s and was successfully applied to power a thermoelectric generator [16].…”

Cationic Lignin as an Efficient and Biorenewable Antimicrobial Material

“… ,,− Primarily, the antimicrobial property of lignin is attributed to its methyl and phenolic hydroxyl (-OH) groups . However, the neutral lignin is insoluble in water at neutral pH and thus requires an alkaline environment or organic solvents (DMSO) to study its antimicrobial properties. Moreover, a very high concentration of these neutral lignin-based antimicrobials was required to achieve 100% growth inhibition of bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ∼0.5–12 mg/mL, , %CFU reduction of ∼30% with 10 mg/mL) .…”