Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizers Affects Soil Prokaryotic Communities Compositions

Abstract

As a fundamental part of the soil ecosystem, prokaryotes are involved in the preservation of soil functions. However, little is known of how the combined application of long-term organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer affects the prokaryotic communities’ dynamics at a paddy field. A long-term positioning experiment initiated in 2013 with four treatments (NO: no N fertilizer, CN: 100% urea N with no organic fertilizer, PM: 80% urea N plus 20% N with pig manure, CM: 80% urea N plus 20% N with compost) were applied to detect the differential responses of soil physicochemical properties, and prokaryotic community structure and composition in different fertilization regimes. The results indicated that the long-term combined application of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers altered the physicochemical properties to some extent and, simultaneously, established unique prokaryotic communities. In detail, the treatment of PM and CM significantly increased the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) compared to NO. Moreover, a total of 31 indicator taxa were screened across the four treatments by LDA Effect Size (LEfSe) analysis following the principle of the greatest differences, which suggests that these indicator taxa were more sensitive to the fertilization. This research suggested that the combined application of long-term organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers not only contributed to the soil’s physicochemical properties but also changed the prokaryotic community composition.

Comparative Performance of Integrated Nutrient Management between Composted Agricultural Wastes, Chemical Fertilizers, and Biofertilizers in Improving Soil Quantitative and Qualitative Properties and Crop Yields under Arid Conditions

“…+ first before being absorbed by the plants, then the plants release the H + ions into soil, which thereby decreases soil pH [99], whereas the ability of organic compost to decrease soil pH may be attributed to the formation of organic acids during the continuous decomposition of organic compost after being incorporated into soil. However, the efficiency of organic composts for decreasing soil pH depends on the type of organic manure.…”

Consecutive soybean (Glycine max) planting and covering improve acidified tea garden soil

“…Soybean planting and covering had a significant effect on the richness of soil microbiomes, as measured by both the ACE index and the Chao1 index [ 22 ]. The results showed that soybean planting and covering (ASB, USB, and WSB treatments) significantly increased the microbial richness than the control (CK), more so in the fungal community than in the bacterial community ( Table 3 , S5 Table in S1 File ).…”

“…OTUs were classified according to the SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database for bacterial and archaeal species [ 20 ] and to the UNITE database for the molecular identification of fungi [ 21 ]. The richness of soil microbiomes were measured by both the ACE (abundance-based coverage estimator) index and the Chao1 index (number of expected OTUs in a sample among all OTUs identified in all samples) [ 22 ].…”

Indicative Value of the Dominant Plant Species for a Rapid Evaluation of the Nutritional Value of Soils

“…Nitrogen fixation by mycorrhizal fungi is essential for sustainable cultivation to be productive [62][63][64]: for this, it is essential to know certain edaphic parameters, since within the Fabaceae family, there are species indifferent edaphic to pH, being able to be acidophilic exclusively or basophilic. Jakubus and Graczyk [65] studied the variability of edaphic microelements in fields with Lupinus albus L., oscillating the soil pH between 6.5-7.0, soils in which some of the associations that we study growth (TP, TT, PA and LR): favoring this type of cover crop, it would not be necessary to carry out organic and inorganic fertilizations [66].…”