Combinatorial Materials Science: Measures of Success

Fasolka, Michael J.; Amis, Eric J.

doi:10.1002/9780470140475.ch1

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Xu and coworkers (97, 98) prepared surface-anchored statistical copolymers on flat substrates with position-dependent gradients in composition by means of a microfluidic setup. Postdeposition modification methods, such as corona treatment (6,14) or electron-beam bombardment (29)(30)99), were coupled with grafting-from polymerization methods to generate 3D surface-anchored soft scaffolds. Methods leading to the formation of 3D molecular gradients in gels have also been developed (100).…”

Section: Gradient Dimensionalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…that substrate (126) and enables monitoring of polymerization kinetics in a systematic manner and a facile manner, respectively (82,83). Assemblies of polymers with a gradual variation of polymer chemical composition, density, and length are also conveniently suited to screen important physico-chemical events, e.g., protein adsorption on surfaces (1,6,9). In all such studies, the key advantage of gradient patterns in probing and understanding complex physico-chemical…”

Section: I I I I I I I I I I I Ii Ii Ii Ii Ii Ii Ii Ii Ii Ii Ii I Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This activity is due largely to the need to screen systematically the many parameters that affect the partitioning of biomolecules at surfaces and interfaces. To this end, soft materials gradients have been employed in methodical studies of adsorption of surfactants (160), bacteria (161,162), and proteins ( Figure 13) (6,30,75,81,147,160,(163)(164)(165)(166)(167)(168)(169)(170)(171)(172)(173)(174)(175). Surface-bound gradients have also been applied successfully in studies pertaining to platelet adhesion (176,177), enzyme immobilization (178), cell motility, encapsulation, adhesion and proliferation (2,10,40,54,55,67,102,103,127,(179)(180)(181)(182)(183)(184)(185)(186)(187)(188)(189)…”

Section: Screening a Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surface-bound gradients have also been applied successfully in studies pertaining to platelet adhesion (176,177), enzyme immobilization (178), cell motility, encapsulation, adhesion and proliferation (2,10,40,54,55,67,102,103,127,(179)(180)(181)(182)(183)(184)(185)(186)(187)(188)(189)(190)(191)(192)(193)(194)(195)(196), hybridization on biochips (197), biosensor design (66,79,80), and tissue engineering (198). More detailed discussion pertaining to the application of soft materials gradients in biomaterials and biological sciences can be found in recent comprehensive reviews (6,8,9).…”

Section: Screening a Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The progress of generating and utilizing materials gradient surfaces has been summarized in several respectable reviews (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Those papers document that materials gradients have facilitated key advances in combinatorial chemistry and materials science, including the development of catalysts, the discovery of drugs, or the design of macromolecules by facilitating high efficiency while maintaining minimized research effort and low production costs (15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface-Bound Gradients for Studies of Soft Materials Behavior

Genzer

2012

Annu. Rev. Mater. Res.

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We provide a succinct account of surface-bound gradient structures created from soft materials or those facilitating the study of soft materials behavior. We commence by classifying the chief attributes of gradient structures and offer a few examples of fabrication methods employed to generate such structures. We then illustrate the versatility of gradient assemblies in functioning as recording media for monitoring a physico-chemical process, facilitating fast screening of physico-chemical phenomena, and playing an important part in the design and fabrication of surface-anchored molecular and macromolecular engines for the directed transport of soft materials.

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Section: Gradient Dimensionalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: I I I I I I I I I I I Ii Ii Ii Ii Ii Ii Ii Ii Ii Ii Ii I Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Screening a Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Screening a Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface-Bound Gradients for Studies of Soft Materials Behavior

Genzer

2012

Annu. Rev. Mater. Res.

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High-Throughput Routes to Biomaterials Discovery

2021

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Many existing clinical treatments are limited in their ability to completely restore decreased or lost tissue and organ function, an unenviable situation only further exacerbated by a globally aging population. As a result, the demand for new medical interventions has increased substantially over the past 20 years, with the burgeoning fields of gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine showing promise to offer solutions for full repair or replacement of damaged or aging tissues. Success in these fields, however, inherently relies on biomaterials that are engendered with the ability to provide the necessary biological cues mimicking native extracellular matrixes that support cell fate. Accelerating the development of such “directive” biomaterials requires a shift in current design practices toward those that enable rapid synthesis and characterization of polymeric materials and the coupling of these processes with techniques that enable similarly rapid quantification and optimization of the interactions between these new material systems and target cells and tissues. This manuscript reviews recent advances in combinatorial and high-throughput (HT) technologies applied to polymeric biomaterial synthesis, fabrication, and chemical, physical, and biological screening with targeted end-point applications in the fields of gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Limitations of, and future opportunities for, the further application of these research tools and methodologies are also discussed.

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Fabrication of Two-Dimensional Gradient Layer-by-Layer Films for Combinatorial Biosurface Studies

Sailer

Barrett

2012

Macromolecules

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We have developed a novel gradient fabrication method for combinatorial surface studies that provides the equivalent of 5000 individual polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) film physicochemical conditions in a single 7 cm square film. A simple, inexpensive, and versatile automated layering instrument was built, which can generate a gradient of physical properties on a film in 1 dimension laterally by simultaneously changing both the location of polyelectrolyte adsorption and the layering conditions, such as pH or salt concentration of the polyelectrolyte dipping solutions. By rotating the substrate 90° after each deposition cycle, full 2-dimensional gradient combinatorial films were fabricated over many layers, spanning virtually all previous combinations of stable deposition pH and salt conditions for both poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), a process which previously required more than 10 000 separate film samples. Surface spatial profiles of film thickness, surface energy (wettability), density (refractive index), and stiffness (modulus) were generated and correlated to assembly conditions. Additionally, step gradient films were generated first by varying the number of bilayers along one axis and pH along the other, which enabled us to measure their combined effect on thickness. To test for biocompatibility, we incubated HEK 293 cells on step gradient films and 2D combinatorial films for 48 h and determined that film assembly conditions played a major role, especially in controlling the stiffness and the density, which could be tailored with deposition pH over a wide range. Optimal growth conditions were discovered not at the extremes of fabrication pH, but instead near PAH pHs of 4–6 and PAA pH around 4, demonstrating that these PEM biosurfaces and this technique are suitable for optimizing high-throughput cellular screening.

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Combinatorial Materials Science: Measures of Success

Cited by 4 publications

References 84 publications

Surface-Bound Gradients for Studies of Soft Materials Behavior

Surface-Bound Gradients for Studies of Soft Materials Behavior

High-Throughput Routes to Biomaterials Discovery

Fabrication of Two-Dimensional Gradient Layer-by-Layer Films for Combinatorial Biosurface Studies

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