Combinatorial Abstraction Refinement for Feasibility Analysis

Abstract

Combinatorial explosion is a challenge for many analysis problems in the theory of hard real-time systems. One of these problems is static priority schedulability of workload models which are more expressive than the traditional periodic task model. Different classes of directed graphs have been proposed in recent years to model structures like frames, branching and loops. In contrast to dynamic priority schedulers with pseudo-polynomial time analysis methods, static priority schedulability has been shown to be intractable since it is strongly coNP-hard already for the relatively simple class of cyclic digraphs. The core of this problem is the necessity to combine different behaviors of the participating tasks. We introduce a novel iterative approach to efficiently cope with this combinatorial explosion, called combinatorial abstraction refinement. In combination with other techniques it significantly reduces exponential growth of run-time for most inputs. We apply the method to static task priorities and demonstrate that a prototype implementation outperforms the state-of-the art pseudo-polynomial analysis for dynamic priority feasibility. It further shows better scaling behavior for randomly generated problem instances. We extend the approach to non-preemptive schedulers as well as static job-type priorities where jobs of different types in the same task may be assigned different static priorities. Finally, we provide a general, abstract formulation of the algorithm, since we believe that this method can be applicable to a variety of combinatorial problems in the theory of real-time systems with certain abstraction structures.

Techniques for Schedulability Analysis in Mode Change Systems under Fixed-Priority Scheduling

“…Several results have been reported on FPT scheduling [10], [24]. We here show that FPT scheduling may perform rather poorly comparing to FPM scheduling.…”

“…Stigge et al [23] propose a more expressive model, called digraph real-time model (DRT), in which the release structures of different types of jobs are represented by a directed graph. Some approaches on sufficient schedulability tests for DRT model for fixed priority scheduling have been reported [24]. In addition, the recent study by Guan et al [12] presents two pseudo-polynomial-time approximations to improve the efficiency by losing some accuracy.…”

Generalized Extraction of Real-Time Parameters for Homogeneous Synchronous Dataflow Graphs

“…Other more recent task models, i.e. graph-based models [29], may also be suitable for modelling HSDF graphs, but this will be subject to future research.…”

Schedulability tests for tasks with Variable Rate-dependent Behaviour under fixed priority scheduling

“…This contrasts with EDF scheduling where pseudo-polynomial time exact schedulability tests exist and are known for the digraph task model [28]. Some progress has however been made on sufficient schedulability tests for the non-cyclic GMF model [9] for fixed priority scheduling, while exact tests have recently been developed for the digraph task model which although having exponential complexity in the worst-case are in practice of similar efficiency to the pseudopolynomial time tests for EDF [31].…”