Combination of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Electromyography and Electroencephalography: Application in Diagnosis of Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Farzan, Faranak; Barr, Mera S.; Fitzgerald, Paul B.; Daskalakis, Zafiris J.

doi:10.5772/25841

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 147 publications

(195 reference statements)

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“…Despite the above‐mentioned in vitro findings, studying GABA in vivo has been more difficult than other neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, which can be studied through PET imaging techniques 26 . However, recent advances in multimodal neurophysiological techniques such as TMS combined with EEG 27–29 and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), 30 which permit in vivo examination of GABAergic neurotransmission and GABA concentration in various cortical regions in humans, are now rapidly expanding our understanding of the role of GABAergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.…”

Section: Evidence For Gabaergic Deficits In Patients With Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial magnetic stimulation on the modulation of gamma oscillations in schizophrenia

Farzan

Barr

Sun

et al. 2012

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Cognitive dysfunction is suggested to be the best predictor of functional outcome in schizophrenia. Therefore, new diagnostic and treatment strategies are needed to both ascertain the biological underpinning of cognitive deficits and to restore them. Modulation of gamma oscillations (30-50 Hz) has been associated with cognitive performance, particularly in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). In this manuscript, we review evidence for gamma modulation deficits during cognitive performance in schizophrenia. We demonstrate that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) combined with electroencephalography (EEG) is a reliable method that permits systematic quantification of gamma modulation in the cortex. Using TMS-EEG, we show that patients with schizophrenia have selective gamma inhibition deficits in the DLPFC. Finally, we demonstrate that repetitive TMS therapy over the DLPFC can normalize excessive gamma oscillations and ultimately cognitive performance in patients. We suggest that restoring gamma impairments in the DLPFC may be a potential strategy for improving cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.

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Section: Evidence For Gabaergic Deficits In Patients With Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial magnetic stimulation on the modulation of gamma oscillations in schizophrenia

Farzan

Barr

Sun

et al. 2012

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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“…TMS-EEG complements the H-reflexes and the invasive epidural recordings and permits revisiting the classical TMS-EMG paradigms and delineating, with more precision, neural processes that underlie the MEP modification at the periphery. Thus, a growing number of TMS-EEG studies have begun to document the EEG correlates of single and paired pulse TMS paradigms in the motor cortex at rest (Ilmoniemi et al, 1997, Paus et al, 2001, Nikulin et al, 2003, Komssi and Kahkonen, 2006, Farzan et al, 2010c, Farzan et al, 2010a, Farzan et al, 2010b, Ferreri et al, 2011; reviewed in Farzan et al, 2011). However, the EEG correlates of the TMS induced SP have not been described.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The EEG correlates of the TMS-induced EMG silent period in humans

et al. 2013

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Application of magnetic or electrical stimulation to the motor cortex can result in a period of electromyography (EMG) silence in a tonically active peripheral muscle. This period of EMG silence is referred to as the silent period (SP). The duration of SP shows intersubject variability and reflects the integrity of cortical and corticospinal pathways. A non-invasive technique for assessing the duration of SP is the combination of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) with EMG. Utilizing TMS-EMG, several studies have reported on the shortening or lengthening of SP in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke. However, cortical, corticospinal and peripheral components are difficult to disentangle from EMG alone. Here, we use the multimodal neuroimaging technique of TMS-EMG combined with concurrent electroencephalography (EEG) recording to further examine the cortical origin of SP and the cortical oscillatory activity that underlies SP genesis. We demonstrate that the duration of SP is related to the temporal characteristics of the cortical reactivity and the power of delta to alpha oscillations in both local and remote areas ipsilateral and contralateral to the stimulation site, and beta oscillations locally. We illustrate that, compared to EMG, the EEG indices of the SP provide additional information about the brain dynamics and propose that the EEG measures of SP may be used in future clinical and research investigations to more precisely delineate the mechanisms underlying inhibitory impairments.

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Single-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Protocols and Outcome Measures

Farzan

2014

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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Combination of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Electromyography and Electroencephalography: Application in Diagnosis of Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Cited by 3 publications

References 147 publications

Transcranial magnetic stimulation on the modulation of gamma oscillations in schizophrenia

Transcranial magnetic stimulation on the modulation of gamma oscillations in schizophrenia

The EEG correlates of the TMS-induced EMG silent period in humans

Single-Pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Protocols and Outcome Measures

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