“…Therefore, bone quality measures, including architecture, turnover, damage accumulation and mineralization, have been proposed as additional features in predicting bone fractures (NIH, 2000). New techniques, such as fractal texture analysis (Majumdar et al, 1993; Benhamou et al, 1994; Buckland-Wright et al, 1994; Majumdar et al, 2000; Pothuaud et al, 2000; Chappard et al, 2001; Messent et al, 2005; Apostol et al, 2006; Lespessailles et al, 2008; Le Corroller et al, 2012), topological analysis (Boehm et al, 2007; Boehm et al, 2008), hip structure analysis (Beck, 2003; Beck, 2007), finite element analysis (Langton et al, 2009), and trabecular bone score based on the experimental variogram (Pothuaud et al, 2008; Pothuaud et al, 2009; Hans et al, 2011; Winzenrieth et al, 2013), have been introduced to enhance the prediction of bone fractures from DXA images by providing additional information of bone quality.…”