Combination of single walled carbon nanotubes/graphene oxide with paclitaxel: a reactive oxygen species mediated synergism for treatment of lung cancer

Abstract

Heterogeneity in tumors has led to the development of combination therapies that enable enhanced cell death. Previously explored combination therapies mostly involved the use of bioactive molecules. In this work, we explored a non-conventional strategy of using carbon nanostructures (CNs) [single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) and graphene oxide (GO)] for potentiating the efficacy of a bioactive molecule [paclitaxel (Tx)] for the treatment of lung cancer. The results demonstrated enhanced cell death following combination treatment of SWNT/GO and Tx indicating a synergistic effect. In addition, synergism was abrogated in the presence of an anti-oxidant, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), and was therefore shown to be reactive oxygen species (ROS) dependent. It was further demonstrated using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay that treatment with CNs was associated with enhanced mitogen associated protein kinase (MAPK) activation that was ROS mediated. Hence, these results for the first time demonstrated the potential of SWNT/GO as co-therapeutic agents with Tx for the treatment of lung cancer.

Graphene Oxide-Silica Composite Fillers into the Experimental Dental Adhesives for Potential Therapy

“…[9] Furthermore, various ROS inducing agents like apigenin and emordin have been reported to sensitize cancer cells to conventional anti-cancer agents like paclitaxel, cisplatin, doxorubicin and arsenic trioxide. [24][25] Additionally, the hyperthermia treatments (43-45 C) cause long term cell inactivation due to the increment of the intracellular density of reactive oxygen species, which can cause oxidative damage to proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.…”

“…For example, the previous report explored that the novel role of GO has the ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) as potential co-therapeutics for a bioactive molecule to induce cell death. [9] In this work, the GO-SiO2 composite filler was fabricated and then introduced into a the experimental dental adhesive, in which the GO-SiO2 composite can not only enhance their mechanical properties but only mediate cell ROS for potential therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate its potential application as novel reinforcement fillers for dental adhesives.…”

Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)–chitosan composite particles for the treatment of lung cancer

“…28 Details of cell viability experiments are mentioned in the supplementary material. For all combination treatment experiments, the nature of drug interaction was analyzed by plotting isobolograms and determining combination index (CI) values.…”

Glycosaminoglycan-functionalized poly-lactide-co-glycolide nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, cytocompatibility, and cellular uptake

“…The fact that the zeta potential of all four NPs decreased to values between -13.47 and -16.12 mV upon exposure to cell-culture medium ( Figure 2A) is indicative of a partial neutralization of the surface charge following interaction with the serum proteins. 21 Adsorbed serum proteins are expected to play a role in both cellular toxicity and uptake and this needs to be further investigated. Nevertheless, the results clearly indicate that the loss of cell viability was NP-concentration dependent as it was proportional to this variable rather than type of GAG, indicating that the surface functionalization was well tolerated by the cells.…”

“…Higher oxidative stress in A549 cells is advantageous, since it is known that ROS-generating agents like hydrogen peroxide 28 and drug-delivery vehicles like Table 2 elemental composition of glycosaminoglycan-functionalized poly-lactide-co-glycolide (Plga) nanoparticles (NPs) determined using X-ray photon electron spectroscopy Abbreviations: Plga/cs, poly-lactide-co-glycolide functionalized with chondroitin sulfate; Plga/Ds, poly-lactide-co-glycolide functionalized with dermatan sulfate; Plga/h, poly-lactide-co-glycolide functionalized with heparin; Plga/ha, polylactide-co-glycolide functionalized with hyaluronic acid. carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide 21 are potentiators for the enhanced toxicity of paclitaxel on cancer cells. In this regard, since GAG-functionalized PLGA NPs caused ROS production in A549 cells, they could be used as adjuvants for anticancer drugs like paclitaxel.…”