Combination of a biomolecule‐aided biphasic cryogel scaffold with a barrier membrane adhering PDGF‐encapsulated nanofibers to promote periodontal regeneration

Abstract

Objective and BackgroundTo achieve periodontal regeneration, numerous investigations have concentrated on biomolecule supplement and optimization of bone substitute or barrier membrane. This study evaluated the benefit of combining these strategies for periodontal regeneration.MethodsBiphasic cryogel scaffold (BCS) composed of gelatin (ligament phase) and gelatin with beta‐tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite (BH) (bone phase) was designed as tested bone substitute, and both enamel matrix derivatives (EMD) and bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) were applied to formulate a biomolecule‐aided BCS (BBS). Functionally graded membrane (FGM) was designed as tested barrier membrane by adhering PDGF‐encapsulated poly(L‐lactide‐co‐D/L‐lactide) nanofibers on the conventional membrane (CM). BBS and FGM were characterized and tested for biocompatibility in vitro. Thirty 4 × 4 × 5 mm3 periodontal intrabony defects were created on 6 Beagle dogs. Each defect was evenly assigned to one of the following treatments including BH‐CM, BCS‐CM, BBS‐CM, BH‐FGM, BCS‐FGM, and BBS‐FGM, for 12 weeks. The therapeutic efficiency was assessed by micro‐CT and histology.ResultsBCS and FGM sustained the release of biomolecules. The viability of MSCs was maintained in both phases of BCS and was promoted while seeding on the PDGF‐encapsulated nanofibers. In CM‐covered sites, BBS showed significantly greater osteogenesis (P < .01) and early defect fill (P < .05) relative to BH. FGM significantly promoted osteogenesis (P < .05) in BH‐treated sites but showed limited benefit in BBS‐treated sites. On denuded roots, cementum deposition was evident in BBS‐treated sites.ConclusionsPDGF‐loaded FGM promoted periodontal osteogenesis, and BBS with EMD‐BMP‐2 had potential for reconstructing alveolar ridge, periodontal ligament, and cementum. FGM and BBS combination provided limited additional benefit.

Treatment of Naturally Occurring Periodontitis in Dogs With a New Bio-Absorbable Regenerative Matrix

“…Most of the research in periodontal tissue regeneration is experimental/pre-clinical and only rarely dogs with naturally occurring periodontitis are included (2). Studies using experimentally induced periodontitis are generally wellcontrolled with detailed clinical, imaging, histological, and even molecular evaluation of the outcome of the treatments and hence reveal promising approaches for periodontal regeneration (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). However, experimentally induced periodontitis may represent different microbial and inflammatory dynamics as compared to naturally occurring diseases, and therefore, limitations to directly extrapolate the data to the clinical setting need to be considered.…”

3D-Printed Collagen-Based Waveform Microfibrous Scaffold for Periodontal Ligament Reconstruction

“…Kim et al reported that pre-loaded PDL cells on aligned fibrous scaffolds enabled more aligned PDL-like fibrous tissue formation in vivo [ 33 ]. However, the regeneration of the periodontal complex involves not only PDL but also mineralized structures, including alveolar bone and cementum, such that multiphasic scaffold designs may be required [ 34 , 35 ]. One concern in using the multiphasic scaffold was the weak interphasic cohesion, which affects the scaffold’s mechanical stability.…”

“…One concern in using the multiphasic scaffold was the weak interphasic cohesion, which affects the scaffold’s mechanical stability. Continuous additive manufacturing or simultaneous multiphasic cross-linking seem viable options to overcome this dilemma [ 34 , 36 ]. Furthermore, the implementation of tissue-specific bioactive molecules, such as enamel matrix derivatives, may further facilitate PDL formation and cementum of the scaffold-guided regeneration [ 37 ].…”

Hydrogel Containing Anti-CD44-Labeled Microparticles, Guide Bone Tissue Formation in Osteochondral Defects in Rabbits

“…The values were significantly higher than the values found after the stimulation by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-I), bFGF and HA [ 75 ]. We have already found PDGF as the most abundant growth factor in platelets and observed its positive effect on cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and osteochondral or bone regeneration [ 97 , 98 , 99 ]. Platelets were added into the scaffold as a source of growth factors that have been found to support bone or osteochondral regeneration [ 15 , 100 , 101 , 102 ].…”